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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of virus is FIV?
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Retrovirus
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Describe a retrovirus
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ssRNA
Enveloped Icosahedral Replicates in nucleus |
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How is FIV transmitted?
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Aggressive biting mostly in stray males, sexual transmission, sharing food and water bowls, and grooming
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What are the 4 clinical stages of FIV?
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Acute,
Asymptomatic/latent, Progressive generalized lymphadenopathy, Severe AIDS-like disease |
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How long is each clinical stage of FIV?
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Acute: 3-10 wks,
Asymptomatic/latent: up to 10 yrs., Progressive generalized lymphadenopathy: months to yrs., Severe AIDS-like disease: a few months til death |
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Pathogenesis of FIV?
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When infected, virus is carried to local lymph node. Virus replicates in T cells. Virus spreads to other lymph nodes.
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When is the peak infection time of FIV?
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At 7-8 weeks and then viremia declines
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What are the clinical signs within the acute stage of FIV?
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Fever, anorexia, dehydration, diarrhea
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What can be seen in bloodwork during acute stage of FIV?
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Lymphopenia due to loss of CD4+ cells and neutropenia. Antibody development is seen in serum 2-4 weeks post-infection.
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Is it likely for cats to die in the acute stage of FIV?
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No, unless they are infected with FeLV, in which case they will die from panleukopenia
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What characterizes the asymptomatic/latent stage of FIV?
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Characterized by relatively healthy cats but a progressive decline in CD4+ T-cells. Lymphocytes will undergo aplasia or hypoplasia. Bone marrow suppression leading to leukopenia and anemia.
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What characterizes the progressive generalized lymphadenopathy stage of FIV?
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Vague signs of ill health, including fever, inappetance, wt. loss, stomatitis, arthritis, & behavioral abnormalities. Follicular hypoplasia of lymph nodes.
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What characterizes the severe AIDS-like stage of FIV?
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Characterized by opportunistic infections developing incl. herpes, FeLV, vax-induced Rabies, TB, mange, etc. Neurologic signs such as abnormal behavior, convulsions, ataxia, paralysis, and nystagmus.
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What causes the neurological signs in FIV?
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Demyelination in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, vacuolization of the myelin sheaths in the spinal nerve roots, and perineuronal mononuclear cell infiltration
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Where can FIV replicate?
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CD4+ & CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, megakaryocytes, neuronal cells, and macrophages
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What is heterodonty?
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Character in which tooth structures differ in specific regions of the mouth for better performance of special tasks
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What is dyphodonty?
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Single replacement of deciduous teeth into stronger adult teeth
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What is polyphyodonty?
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Multiple succession
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What is thecodont?
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Socket that sets along the margins of the jaws where teeth are implanted into
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Whats hypsodont vs. brachydont?
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Hypsodont is high crowned teeth & brachydont are low crowned teeth. Those species that eat softer foods that produce less wear are brachydont.
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What part of the tooth is highly vascularized?
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Pulp
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What attaches the tooth to socket?
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Tough fibrous periodontal ligament
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What is the formula for cat dentition?
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3-1-3-1 (upper)
3-1-2-1 (lower) |
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What #s are skipped in cat teeth?
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5's on top
5's & 6's on bottom |
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What are some other names for Feline Panleukopenia?
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Feline Infectious Enteritis,
Feline Distemper |
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What causes Feline Panleukopenia?
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Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV)
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Describe Feline Panleukopenia virus (FPV)
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Parvovirus,
ssDNA virus, no envelope |
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How is Feline Panleukopenia transmitted?
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By indirect contact through fomites, in utero, and through insect vectors
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How long can a cat with FPV shed the virus? And how?
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Shed from all body secretions during active stages of disease. Shedding usually lasts 1-2 days, but can last up to 6 weeks after recovery.
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Which tissue is most commonly invaded in adult animals by FPV? And why?
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Lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, and intestinal mucosal crypts are most commonly invaded b/c the virus requires rapidly multiplying cells for successful infection
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What neurological parts can be affected in late prenatal and early neonatal infections?
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CNS, including cerebrum, cerebellum, retina, and optic nerves
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How does FPV becomes a systemic infection?
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Virus undergoes replication in lymphoid tissues of the oropharynx after intranasal or oral infection. A plasma phase viremia disseminates the virus to all body tissues, preferentially going to tissues with high mitotic activity. Lymphoid tissue undergoes initial necrosis & then proliferation.
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How does FPV cause diarrhea?
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During intestinal infection, FPV selectively damages replicating cells deep in the crypts of the intestinal mucosa. Shortening of intestinal villi results from damage to crypt cells. Damage to intestinal villi results in diarrhea caused by malabsorption & increased permeability.
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What does in utero infection cause?
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Early in utero infection can cause early fetal death & resorption w/infertility, abortion, or birth of mummified fetuses. Closer to end of gestation, infection results in birth to live kittens w/ neural tissue damage.
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What is the most common CNS lesion caused by FPV infection of neonates?
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Cerebellar damage
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At what age does FPV affect cats the most?
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B/w 3-5 months of age. Majority of adult cat infections are subclinical. Severe clinical illness is most common in young unvaccinated kittens.
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What are the clinical signs of the acute form of FPV?
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Fever, depression, anorexia, vomiting, extreme dehydration, diarrhea, hypothermia, sudden death
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Describe FeLV (the virus)
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Gamma retrovirus
Enveloped ssRNA Relies on DNA intermediate |
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What are the 4 subtypes of FeLV?
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A - ubiquitous & involved in all infections
B - originates from recombination of FeLV A & enFeLV C - the result of mutations of envelope genes T - has tropism for T lymphocytes |
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How is the FeLV virus shed?
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Saliva, feces, nasal secretions, and milk
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What are the risk factors for FeLV?
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Young age, high population density, and poor hygiene
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How is FeLV usually transmitted?
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By mutual grooming behaviors
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How does FeLV affect viremic queens?
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They usually have stillbirths, embryonic deaths, or viremic kittens that die young
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Pathogenesis of FeLV?
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Infection starts in oropharynx: FeLV infects lymphocytes transported to bone marrow. Rapidly dividing bone marrow cells allows for large amt. of viral replication. Viremia leads to infection of salivary glands & intestinal linings, where virus is shed in large quantities.
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A cat that has overcome FeLV infection is still latently infected & reactivation of disease can occur if there is a stress to the immune system. True or false?
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True
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What are the clinical signs of FeLV?
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Immune suppression, anemia, and lymphoma.
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What is the prognosis for cats with FeLV?
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Prognosis for persistently infected cats is poor & 70% will develop other diseases. Death will usually occur within 18 months to 3 years.
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What is FIP?
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Feline Infectious Peritonitis - a syndrome that results from widespread infiltration of the body's organs with inflammatory tissues called pyogranulomas
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What results from FIP?
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Failure of infiltrated organs, fevers unresponsive to antibiotics, and often the accumulation of thick yellow fluid in the belly or chest
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What is the difference b/w wet and dry FIP?
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Wet form includes the thick yellow fluid accumulation in the belly or chest. Dry form is more insiduous, leading to death over a much longer period (often yrs.)
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Mortality rate of FIP?
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100%
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Is FIP contagious?
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No
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How can FIP be infectious but not contagious?
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FIP is a reaction to infection w/the feline coronavirus. Most cats who get infected with coronavirus get the flu but don't develop anything else. Some cats, however, react with FIP.
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Where is coronavirus common?
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Wherever cats are housed in groups
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How is coronavirus transmitted?
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Typically by contact with infected feces. Virus enters host via nose and mouth.
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How long does an active coronavirus infection last?
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Several weeks to few months
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Can gets get re-infected with coronavirus?
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Yes.
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How does coronavirus turn into FIP?
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In some cats, a mutation occurs in the coronavirus. It occurs during infection & allows the virus to survive the phagocytosis by macrophage. Instead of being killed by macrophage, it ends up producing heaps of ineffective macrophages & immunologic proteins, which make up the pyogranulloma, which infiltrate the organs of the cat.
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What are the risk factors for FIP?
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Young age, living in groups, multiple exposure/infections (reinfection causes more chances of mutating to a form that causes FIP)
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What diagnostic values can be seen in cats with FIP?
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Elevations in total protein and specifically, gamma globulins. If ratio of albumin to globulin is less than 0.8, there is a 92% chance the cat has FIP.
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What does the FeLV SNAP test detect?
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p27 Antigen
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What does the FIV SNAP test detect?
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Antibody
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Why can't we test for an antigen in FIV?
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B/c the FIV virus is too genetically variable to be detectable by one test kit and b/c in some asymptomatic cats, the level of virus in blood is too low for reliable antigen detection
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What does ELISA stand for?
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
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Why is the FIV ELISA test referred to as a sandwich?
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B/c of antigen-antibody-antigen complex formed
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Which tests detects antigens?
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PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
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What is another name for Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis?
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Feline Herpesvirus-1
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Describe Feline Herpesvirus-1 (the virus)
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Herpesviridae
dsRNA Icosohedral Enveloped |
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Pathogenesis of FVR?
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Virus enters via nasal, oral, or conjunctiva routes & causes lytic infection of nasal epithelium. Spreads to conjunctival sac, trachea, pharynx, bronchi. Virus spreads along sensory nerves & reaches neurons.
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Where is the main site of latency of Feline Herpesvirus-1?
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Trigeminal ganglia
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Clinical signs of FVR?
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Rhinitis, conjunctivitis, superficial & deep corneal ulcers. Manifests as sneezing, nasal discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, & serous discharge.
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What is the defining hallmark of a retrovirus?
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It contains a genomic RNA, but on entry into the host cell, this RNA is reverse transcribed into a DNA form of the genome that is integrated into the host chromosomal DNA.
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What are the 2 types of immunization procedures?
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Passive and active immunization
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What is passive immunization?
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Produces temporary immunity by transferring Ab from resistant to susceptible animal. Provides immediate protection, however animal will become susceptible again once Ab has been gradually catabolized.
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What is active immunization?
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Involves the administration of Ag so that it produces an immune response. Provides prolonged period of protection.
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Vaccines are classified as what type of immunization?
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Active
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What are some critical properties for ideal vaccines?
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Ag must be delivered efficiently. Both T & B cells must be stimulated. Helper & effector T cells must be generated to several epitopes in vaccine. Ag must be able to stimulate memory cells in a way where protection will last as long as possible.
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Difference b/w Modified Live and Killed vaccines?
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Modified Live infects host and undergoes viral replication. Infected cell will then process endogenous Ag. Killed vaccines acts as exogenous Ag.
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Live viruses trigger an immune response dominated by what type of cells?
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CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (a Th1 response)
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What are the disadvantages of MLV?
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Can cause disease. Risk to pregant animals (can damage fetuses). Sensitive to incorrect storage or handling. Can produce mild signs of disease. Can cause shedding. May produce significant disease when given incorrectly.
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What are the advantages of MLV?
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Induces stronger Th1 dominated immunity. Adjuncts are unnecessary (substance that enhances immune response). Stimulates both humoral & cell-mediated response. Provides rapid onset of immunity.
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Killed vaccines stimulate response dominated by which cells?
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CD4+ Th2 cells
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What are some disadvantages of killed vaccines?
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Adjuvants can cause severe inflammation or systemic toxicity. More than 1 dose needed for initial response. Takes much longer to provide protection.
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What are some advanatges of killed vaccines?
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Does not replicate in animal. Will not spread to other animals. Safe in immunocompromised animals. No shedding of virus. No risk of disease.
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