Case 2 Path

Front 1

Esophageal atresia occurs most commonly at or near the

Back 1

Tracheal Bifurcation

Front 2

Esophageal atresia is most commonly associated with a

Back 2

Fistula

connecting the upper or lower esophageal pouches to a bronchus or trachea

Front 3

Stenosis can involve any part of the GI tract but most commonly involves the ____ or ____ ______

Back 3

Small intestine, esophagus

Front 4

Occurs when closure of the abdominal musculature is incomplete

Back 4

Omphalocele

Front 5

an omphalocele that involves all of the layers of the abdominal wall

Back 5

Gastroschisis

Front 6

The most frequent site of ectopic gastric mucosa, where it is referred to as an ____ patch

Back 6

The upper third of the esophagus

Inlet Patch

Front 7

Small patches of ectopic gastric mucosa in the small bowel or colon

Back 7

Gastric Heterotopia, may pressent with occult blood loss due to peptic ulceration of adjacent mucosa

Front 8

Where does Meckel Diverticulum occur

Back 8

In the ileum

Age of onset 2
present within 2 feet of ileocecal valve
2 inches long

Front 9

This presents in the second or third week of life as new onest regurg. and persistent projectile nonbilous vomiting

Back 9

Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Front 10

This dx, also known as congenital aganglionic megacolon, is when a distal intestinal segment lacks both neural plexus's

Back 10

Hirschsprung Disease

Front 11

Hirschsprung is due to heterozygous loss of function mutations in what receptor in most familial cases

Back 11

tyrosine kinase RET

Front 12

The ____ is always affected in hirschsprung and causes proximal dilation (megacolon)

Back 12

Rectum

Front 13

Outer long. layer of esophagus contracts before the inner circular layer causes

Back 13

Nutcracker esophagus

Front 14

This diverticulum occurs immediately above the upper esophageal sphinctor

Back 14

Zenker

Front 15

This divert. occurs at midpoint esophagus

Back 15

Traction

Front 16

This divert occurs immediately above the lower esoph. sphinctor

Back 16

Epiphrenic

Front 17

Person with progressive dysphagia presents. They have had chronic GERD whats your dx

Back 17

Esophageal Stenosis

Front 18

Uncommon ledge like protrusions of mucosa that may cause obstruction. They are most common where?

Back 18

esophageal mucosal webs, upper esophagus

Front 19

When in the distal (upper) esophagus, esophageal rings are termed __ rings and are covered by squamous mucosa

Back 19

A

Front 20

Esophageal rings at squamo-columnar junction of lower esophagus are termed

Back 20

B rings

Front 21

Longitud. tears in esoph. near the gastroesoph. junction. Most often assoc. with retching and vomiting secondary to getting wasted

Back 21

Mallory-Weiss tears

accounts for 10% of cases of upper GI bleeding/hematemesis

Front 22

Candidasis infection of esoph. shows what histolog.

Back 22

Pseudomembranes

Front 23

Esophagitis that cant be treated with a proton pump inhibitor signifies

Back 23

eosinophilic esophagitis

Front 24

Intestinal metaplasia within the esophageal squamous mucosa

Back 24

Barrett esophagus

Front 25

Diseases that impede portal blood flow causing portal hypertension can cause these

Back 25

esophageal varices

Front 26

This esophageal tumor typically arises in the background of barrett esophagus

Back 26

Adenocarcinoma

Front 27

Use of alcohol and tobacco increases risk of this esophageal cancer

Back 27

Squamous cell carcinoma

Front 28

These tumors of smooth muscle origin are most common "uncommon" esophageal tumors

Back 28

Leiomyomas

Front 29

Sessile lesions with a central core of connective tissue and a hyperplastic pappiliform often associated with HPV

Back 29

Squamous papilloma

Front 30

Ulcers occuring in proximal duodenum associated with severe burns or trauma

Back 30

Curling ulsers

Front 31

Ulcers arising in people with intracranial disease

Back 31

Cushing ulcers - caused by direct stim. of vagal nuclei

Front 32

Most common cause of chronic gastritis

Back 32

H. Pylori

Front 33

Most common cause of atrophic gastritis

Back 33

Autoimmune gastritis

Front 34

H. pylori infection is most commonly found near the ____

Back 34

antrum

Front 35

Four things attribute to h. pylori virulence

Back 35

1. Flagella
2. Urease
3. Adhesins
4. Toxins

Front 36

H. pylori are usually never found in ____ areas

Back 36

Acidic - esp. the oxyntic cells

Front 37

What is the major difference b/w autoimmune and h. pylori?

Back 37

Autoimmune causes increased Gastrin release and defective gastric acid secretion

Also it produces antibodies to intrinsic factor leading to pernicious anemia

Front 38

Autoimmune gastritis is characterized by damage of the ____ mucosa

Back 38

Oxyntic

Front 39

Gastric antral trauma induces this grossly characteristic lesion

Back 39

GAVE gastric antral vascular ectasia "aka watermelon stomach"

Front 40

Char. by gastric tissue damage with high levels of eosinophils

Back 40

Eosinophilic gastritis

Front 41

Are peptic ulcers more common in stomach or duodenum

Back 41

duodenum

Front 42

The risk of adenocarcinoma is greatest in

Back 42

autoimmune gastritis

Front 43

Exuberant reactive epithelial proliferation associated with entrapment of epithelial lined cysts

Back 43

Gastritis cystica

Front 44

Hyperplasia of foveolar cells of body and fundus

Back 44

Mentrier disease

Front 45

Menetrier disease is caused by excessive secretion of ____

Back 45

TGF-alpha

Front 46

This syndrome shows a fivefold increase in the number of parietal cells and is caused by gastrin secreting tumors

Back 46

Zollinger ellison syndrome

Front 47

Risk of dysplasia of polyps correlates with their ___

Back 47

size

Front 48

Over 90% of all gastric cancers are

Back 48

Adenocarcinoma (cancer originating in glandular tissue

Front 49

While overall incidence of gast. adenocarc. is falling, cancer of the ___ ____ is on the rise

Back 49

Gastric cardia

Front 50

____ ring morphology seen in adenocarcinoma

Back 50

Signet

Front 51

Two places gastric cancer can metastasize are Virchow's Node and Sister Mary Joseph Nodule which are where respectivelt

Back 51

Virchows - supraclavicular
Sister mary- subcutaneous nodule

Front 52

MALToma (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) is highly linked with _________

Back 52

H. pylori

Front 53

MALToma cells can accumulate large amounts of pale cytoplasm referred to as _____ change

Back 53

monocytoid

Front 54

More than 40% of carcinoid tumors are found in the

Back 54

Small intestine

Front 55

The most important prognostic feature of carcinoid GI tumors is

Back 55

location

Front 56

Carcinoid tumors in the ____ rarely metastasize and are generally cured by resection

Back 56

Foregut

(stomach duodenum)

Front 57

Carcinoid tumors in the _____ are aggressive

Back 57

Midgut


(Jejunum, ileum)

Front 58

Almost all carcinoids found here are benign

Back 58

Hindgut

appendix

Front 59

Most common mesenchymal tumor of the abdomen

Back 59

GI stromal tumor (GIST)

Front 60

GIST is seen in "Carney Triad" in young women with what other two things

Back 60

Paraganglioma and pulmonary chondroma

Front 61

About 80% of all GISTs have gain of function mutations of the gene encoding the ___

Back 61

tyrosine kinase c-KIT (the receptor for stem cell factor)

Front 62

GISTs composed of thin elongated cells are classified as

Back 62

Spindle cell type

Front 63

GISTs dominated by epitelial appearing cells are termed

Back 63

Epitheloid type