Case 12: Brainstorm

Front 1

Concepts in Export and Biosecurity

Back 1

1. Quarantine
a. Pre-border
b. Border = AQUIS, Customs, NAQs, NAMPs and RANavy
c. Post-border
2. Biosecurity Australia = independent agency w/in Dep Ag
3. Importation law = Government, WTO, Decisions = SCIENTIFIC BASIS
4. Risk Assessment

Front 2

Monitored disease examples

Back 2

1. Blue Tongue =
a. Serological monitoring for antibodies to BTV in sentinel cattle
b. Insect traps catch vectors with PCR for viral DNA
2. Avian influenza = NAQs
3. Ebola
4. Rabies
5. Hendra Virus
6. FMD

Front 3

Taenia Soluim = Pig Tapeworm

Back 3

1. Hosts
a. DH = Human
b. IH = Pig
2. Structure = 7m in humans [SI]
3. LC = INDIRECT
a. Faeco-oral = IH
b. Cysticerci ingested w/meat
4. PPP = 5-12 weeks
5. Transmission
a. Undercooked pork
b. Hand-mouth
6. Dx = Serology & Imaging
7. Clinical Picture
a. Human
i. Larva invade CNS
ii. Immune response activation = Neurological symptoms
iii. +/- Hyrdocephalus
8. Tx = Anthelmintics
9. Control
a. Cook
b. Education
c. Hygiene
d. Pig Vacc

Front 4

Taenia saginata = Beef Tapeworm

Back 4

1. Hosts
a. DH = Human
b. IH = Cow
2. Structure = Up to 25m in humans [SI]
3. LC = INDIRECT
a. Faeco-oral
b. Cysts ingested w/meat of IH
c. Adults develop in SI
d. 6-10 proglottids/day
4. PPP = 14 weeks
5. Transmission = Ingestion of undercooked beef
6. Distrubution = Worldwide
7. Dx = Coproantigen ELISA
8. Clinical Picture = Via bloodstream larva invade various organs
9. Tx = Anthelmintics
10. Control
a. Cook =>57 degrees
b. Education
c. Hygiene
d. Cattle Vacc

Front 5

Ecchinococcus granulosus = Dwarf Dog Tapeworm

Back 5

1. Hosts
a. DH = Canids
b. IH = Sheep, cattle, pig, kangaroo, humans
2. Structure = 2-7mm in humans [SI]
3. Metacestode = Hydatid cyst
4. LC = INDIRECT
a. IH ingest environmental proglottids
b. Eggs hatch in SI
c. Oncosphere encysts various organs
d. Cysts ingested w/organs
e. Adults develop in SI [live 2 years]
5. PPP = 6 weeks
6. Transmission = Feeding offal OR Predator/prey interaction
7. Distrubution = Worldwide and coastal AUS
8. Dx =
a. Coproantigen test in dogs
b. Identification of E. granulosus = Intestinal purge = GOLDEN STANDARD
9. Clinical Picture
a. Human
i. Dependent on location of cysts = organ specific signs
ii. Rupture can cause anaphylaxis
10. Tx = Praziquantel = 5mg/kg
11. Control
a. Restrict access to offal
b. Deworm dogs
c. Education
d. Hygiene
e. Vacc livestock

Front 6

Dipyllidium caninum​ = Flea Tapeworm

Back 6

1. Hosts
a. DH = Dog; Cat
b. IH = Flea; Biting louse
2. Structure = 50cm in humans [SI]
a. Scolex w/4suckers, 2rows of hooks
b. Oval proglottids, w/eggs in capsules ONLY
c. Eggs hard to differentiate from Taenia spp
3. Metacestode = Cysticercoid
4. LC = INDIRECT
a. Segments actively move to disseminate capsules
b. Flea larvae eat capsules
c. DH ingests flea
5. PPP = 3-4 weeks
6. Dx =
a. C/S
b. Shape and activity = Dry rice that moves
7. Clinical Picture
a. Anal pruritis
b. Anal sac inflammation if segments enter
c. +/- intestinal obstruction
8. Tx = Praziquantel = 5mg/kg
9. Control
a. Flea treatment
b. MUST control IH

Spirometra erinacei = Zipper Tapeworm
1. Zoonotic potential.
2. Rodents, pigs and humans act as the intermediate hosts.
3. Dogs and cats are the only definitive hosts.

Front 7

Dx of Tapeworm

Back 7

1. Eggs
2. Segments - Dipylidium caninum and some Taenia spp. are usually in segments thus faecal flotation will not be successful
3. Faecal flotation - Echinococcus spp. and Taenia spp. ova can be found in the faeces

Front 8

Characteristics of Sheep Measles

Back 8

1. Cysticercus ovis
2. Caused by the tapeworm Taenia ovis.
3. DH = Dogs
4. IH = Sheep
5. Adult tapeworm up to 2m in the SI of the dog
6. Cysts often develop in the heart and skeletal mm of sheep
7. Dx, Tx and control similar to hydatids
8. Viable cysts contain fluid and a single protoscolex

Front 9

Characteristics of Beef Measles

Back 9

1. Cysticercus bovis
2. Caused by the tapeworm Taenia saginata
3. DH = Humans
4. IH = Cattle
5. Adult up to 10m in SI of humans.
6. Cysts often develop in the heart and skeletal mm of cattle
7. Dx, Tx and control similar to hydatids
8. Humans should NOT eat raw beef or defecate in cattle paddocks

9. Viable cysts contain fluid and a single protoscolex

Front 10

Control measures in Hydatidosis

Back 10

1. Public education (local media, videos, schools, public displays)
2. Restrict access to offal (confine dogs)
3. Treat dogs every 3 months with Praziquantel
4. Feed dogs only cooked or dry food
5. Offal pits for disposal of offal
6. Vaccinate livestock
7. Monitor infection in livestock (monitor abattoirs and hospital cases)
8. Personal hygiene (wash hands before eating, wash hands after handling dogs)
9. Quarantine infected animals
10. Regular testing of dogs with antibody ELISA

Front 11

Dx of Human Hydatidosis

Back 11

1. C/S in humans include abdominal pain, cough, weight loss, diarrhoea, weakness and jaundice.
2. Diagnosis of hydatidosis in humans in by imaging techniques (radiology, ultrasound, CT, MRI) and serological analysis (ELISA).
3. Not all infected patients produce detectable antibodies = ELISA should NOT be used alone for diagnosis.

Front 12

Tx of Human Hydatidosis

Back 12

a. Surgical removal of cysts
b. Chemotherapy (albendazole)
c. PAIR (Puncture, Aspirate, Inject and Re-aspirate cyst)