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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What % protein does a nursing puppy need?
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33% DM basis
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What % protein does a mature adult dog need?
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15-23%
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What % fat do mature adult dogs need?
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10-15%
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What % fat do nursing puppies need?
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41.8% DM basis
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What is the largest intestinal organ?
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Liver
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Where does blood come from when it goes through the liver?
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GI, spleen, and pancreas
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Where do toxins and nutrients from the GI go?
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Pass through liver and then go to systemic circulation
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Where does detoxification occur?
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Liver
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What does spleen do?
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Destroy old RBC's
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Where do old RBC's go after being destroyed by spleen?
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To liver to be removed (only remnants are left after they leave the spleen)
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What does pancreas send to liver?
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Insulin, glucagon, and other hormones
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Liver is strategically placed between what 4 things?
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Pancreas, spleen, GI, and systemic circulation
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What vein drains the GI, spleen, and pancreas into the liver?
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Portal vein
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What is splanchnic circulation?
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GI, spleen, and pancreas circulation
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What artery supplies the liver with oxygenated blood?
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Hepatic artery (coming off the celiac artery)
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Which veins unite to make the portal vein?
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Splenic vein and cranial mesenteric vein
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Does portal vein have high or low oxygen?
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Low
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What are parenchymal cells of liver made up of?
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Hepatocytes
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What are hepatocytes arranged into?
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Classic lobule
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What does the hepatic artery break down into once it enters the liver?
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Hepatic arterioles
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Where do the hepatic arterioles travel to?
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Every corner of classic lobule (hexagon)
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What do these hepatic arterioles bring in?
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Oxygen, nutrients, metabolites
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Where are sinusoids located in the hepatic lobule?
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They extend from the corner of lobule to the central vein
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What drains into the sinusoids?
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Blood from portal vein and from hepatic artery
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Where does 70-80% of the blood coming to the liver come from?
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Portal vein (the rest from hepatic artery)
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What escapes from the sinusoids? (and is exposed to hepatocytes)
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Plasma, which contains glucose, toxins
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What do the hepatocytes do with the plasma that is leaking from the sinusoids?
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They will take up glucose, toxins, etc. from plasma
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What happens to the plasma that doesn't drain back to the sinusoids after contacting the hepatocytes?
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Convert to lymph and drain towards periphery of lobule (away from center of lobule)
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What is the space of disse?
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The space b/w hepatocytes and sinusoids
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What happens in the space of disse?
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This is where hepatocytes exchange with the sinusoids
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Where does bile come from and where does it go?
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Hepatocytes secrete bile into the area b/w hepatocytes (opposite side from space of disse). Bile moves outward from center of lobule to periphery of lobule.
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What is centrifugal flow vs. centripedal flow?
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Centrifugal is flow from central vein to periphery of lobe and centripedal is from periphery to central vein.
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What drainage systems are on the corners of lobule?
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Lymphatic and bile duct
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What are the 4 systems present on each corner of hepatic lobule? ("portal triad" = portal area)
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Portal vein input, hepatic artery input, lymphatic drainage, bile drainage
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In what direction does blood, lymph, and bile drain?
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Blood drains from portal area through sinusoids to central vein. Lymph & bile drain toward portal area.
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Central veins come together and drain into which vein?
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Sublobular
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Sublobular veins come together and make which vein?
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Hepatic vein
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Hepatic vein drains into what vein?
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Caudal vena cava, which goes back to the heart
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Where do bile ducts drain into?
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Bile ducts in portal areas come together and drain into left & right hepatic ducts, which come together to form the common hepatic duct
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What makes up the common bile duct?
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Common hepatic duct meets with cystic duct (from gall bladder) and both make up the common bile duct
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Common bile duct meets with the pancreatic duct (in pancreas) and drains into the duodenum through the _______________
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Major duodenal papilla
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What are sinusoids made of?
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Fenestrated endothelial cells (hole-y)
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What are Kupffer cells?
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Derived from macrophages. They line the sinusoids. They filter out toxins, remnants of old RBC's, etc.
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Describe hepatocytes.
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They are large cells with many faces. As age increases, # of nuclei increases. One face of hepatocytes faces sinusoids (space of disse). It has many microvilli to increase surface area.
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What is biliary caniculi?
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A gap between the hepatocytes' membranes
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What is drained from hepatocytes to biliary caniculi?
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Bile
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Where does bilirubin come from?
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From broken down RBC's from spleen
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How does bilirubin get into biliary caniculi?
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Bilirubin comes from blood, goes through sinusoids to space of disse, and is brought into hepatocyte through membrane. Its conjugated with gluconic acid and activately secreted into biliary caniculi.
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What else goes through the same transport system as the bilirubin?
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Drugs
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How many mitochondria are in hepatocytes?
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800-1000 per cell
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What else does a hepatocyte contain?
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A lot of lysozomes, peroxizomes, RER, SER, golgi apparatus
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What are some hepatocytes' functions?
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Destroy toxins, produce lipids & lipoproteins, synthesize plasma proteins
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What are stellate cells?
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Fat- & vitamin A-storing cells. Aka ito cells. Found in space of disse.
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What does inflammation do to stellate cells (ito cells)?
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Inflammation stimulates them to lose their fat & become myofibroblasts --> secrete collagen --> liver becomes fibrotic --> cirrhosis can occur
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What 3 things do hepatocytes synthesize?
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VLDL (very low density lipoproteins), LDL, and HDL
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What are VLDL and LDL carriers of, respectively?
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VLDL are carriers of triglycerides. LDL are carriers of cholesterol.
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What is bile made up of?
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Bilirubin, cholesterol, IgA, and bile acids (cholic acids and cheno-deoxy cholic acid)
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How is the portal lobule structured?
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Portal area is in the center connected by 3 central veins. Bile drains toward center of portal lobule.
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How can liver be viewed as endocrine organ?
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If seen from hepatic lobule (endocrine secretion into blood)
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How can liver be viewed as exocrine organ?
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If seen from portal lobule (liver is secreting bile)
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Hepatocytes near central vein have [rich or poor] oxygen supply compared to hepatocytes near periphery
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Poor
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What are the 3 zones in the acinus?
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Zone 1 has most oxygen (closest to periphery). Zone 3 has least zone (closest to central vein). Zone 2 is in between those 2.
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If there is ischemia to liver, cells in which zone will start dying first?
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Zone 3
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WHich zone gets the most nutrients from GI, glucose, insulin?
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Zone 1
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What zone is affected first when there is inflammation (i.e. hepatitis?
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Zone 1 b/c its exposed most to neutrophils and macrophages
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What is the liver's exocrine function?
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Making bile
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What is the liver's endocrine function?
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Secretes substances into blood, such as albumin, lipoproteins, etc.
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What is the liver's metabolic function?
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Converts glucose to glycogen & will synthesize glucose if glucose level is down
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