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97 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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Medical term for fever?
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pyrexia
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What is hyperthermia?
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Any elevation in core body temp. that is above the normal for the species
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What are the 4 types of hyperthermia?
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True fever, inadequate heat dissipation, exercise-induced hyperthermia, and pathologic or pharmacologic origin
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What is true fever?
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Production of endogenous pyrogens
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What can cause hyperthermia of pathologic origin?
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Lesions in or around the anterior hypothalamus, malignant hyperthermia, hypermetabolic disorders
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Medical term for fever?
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pyrexia
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What is hyperthermia?
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Any elevation in core body temp. that is above the normal for the species
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What are the 4 types of hyperthermia?
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True fever, inadequate heat dissipation, exercise-induced hyperthermia, and pathologic or pharmacologic origin
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What is true fever?
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Production of endogenous pyrogens
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What can cause hyperthermia of pathologic origin?
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Lesions in or around the anterior hypothalamus, malignant hyperthermia, hypermetabolic disorders
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What is the purpose of a fever?
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Thought to be an evolutionary mechanism to fight off infection
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What is considered hyperpyrexia?
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For small animals, over 105F
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What is an intermittent fever?
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Temperature normalizes then rises each day
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What is a remittent fever?
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Temp. varies throughout the day, but the lowest temp. is still above normal
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Where is the temperature regulating center located?
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Hypothalamus
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What are the 2 types of neurons?
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Warm-sensitive neurons and temperature-insensitive neurons
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Which neurons fire more when there is an increase in body temp.?
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Warm-sensitive neurons
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What happens when the warm-sensitive neurons fire off?
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Leads to heat loss
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How is the thermoregulatory set point set?
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When the firing rates of the 2 neurons overlap
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What are exogenous pyrogens?
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Pyrogens that originate outside the body, incl. lipopolysaccharide toxins from bacteria
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What are endogenous pyrogens?
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Pyrogens that originate inside the body, incl. IL-1, IL-6, beta & Y-interferon, TNF-alpha
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Which endogenous pyrogen is called the leukocyte pyrogen?
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IL-1
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How do exogenous pyrogens cause fever?
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They enter the body & induce endothelial cells, blood leukocytes, tissue macrophages, & lymphocytes. They are ingested by inflammatory cells. Cells are stimulated to release endogenous pyrogens.
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How do the endogenous pyrogens cause fever?
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They (esp. IL-1) travel to the organa vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) of the hypothalamus. They act on endothelial cells to produce more PGE2 and arachidonic metabolites. Will cause inhibition of warm-sensitive neurons causing firing rate to decrease and thermoregulatory set point will rise.
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How do animals try to conserve heat?
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Shivering, huddling, vasoconstriction at the onset of fever
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What are some heat-losing mechanisms?
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Sweating, vasodilation
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What are some possible benefits of fever?
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Change in temp. could inhibit growth of microorganisms, decrease bacteria's ability to uptake iron, can slow the growth of some tumors, and increase antibody prod.
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What happens past a critical temperature?
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Permanent intracellular changes & cell membrane instability. Can lead to multiple tissue or organ dysfunction and brain damage.
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How can fever be treated?
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Cooling with fans, water, glucocorticoids if non-infectious, antibiotics if pathogen is known.
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What is anorexia?
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Loss of appetite
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What is the diff. b/w true anorexia and pseudoanorexia?
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True anorexia is a result of decreased appetite. Psuedoanorexia is secondary to other factors that do not affect appetite.
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What center controls appetite? And which one inhibits it?
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Controlled by "hunger" or "feeding center" in the lateral hypothalamic nuclei (LHN). Inhibited by a "satiety center" in the ventromedial nuclei (VMN) of the hypothalamus.
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What provides input to the LHN and VMN to alter appetite?
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Chemical mediators produced by vagal or sympathetic stimulation of central and peripheral receptors
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What is satiety associated with? (when does it occur?)
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The absence of hunger during the absorptive phase after food ingestion, when metabolic fuels are supplied by nutrients assimilated from the GI tract
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What is hunger associated with? (when does it occur?)
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Associated with the postabsorptive phase before food ingestion when energy must be derived from mobilization of stored nutrients such as glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins to provide glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
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What kind of things can lead to pseudoanorexia?
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Environmental or psychologic factors (i.e. addition of aggressive animals, change of diet or housing)
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How many ruminal contractions per minute are normal?
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1-3 contractions per minute
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What are the 2 types of ruminal contraction?
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Primary and secondary
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What is the purpose of primary ruminal contractions?
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Mixing and inoculating digesta
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What is the purpose of secondary ruminal contractions?
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Eructation
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What contracts with primary ruminal contractions?
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Reticulum and rumen
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Describe primary ruminal contraction
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Slight contraction of reticulum. Forceful contraction of reticulum which reduces luminal sizes & pushes food into cranial sac of rumen.
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Contraction of cranial sac/pillar moves food into dorsal sac. Contraction of dorsal sac moves from cranial to caudal. Contraction of ventral sac moves from cranial to caudal. Contraction of dorsal & ventral sac from caudal to cranial.
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Difference between primary and secondary contractions
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Secondary contractions are shorter
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When do secondary contractions occur?
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Once every two primary contractions (during rest)
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Describe secondary contraction
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Biphasic contraction of reticulum. Contraction of cranial sac/pillar of rumen moving digesta into dorsal sac. Contraction of dorsal sac. Ventral sac contracts but cranial pillar doesnt relax forcing contents dorsally.
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Contraction of dorsal sac again moving caudal to cranial. When gas reaches cardia, esophagus relaxes & is carried to mouth .
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Regurgitation occurs separate of normal contractions. T or F?
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True
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Describe regurgitation
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Contraction of reticulum. Animal inspires (w/closed glottis) & causes intrathoracic & intra-esophageal pressure --> movement of bolus into distal esophagus.
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Reverse peristalsis moves bolus into mouth. Liquid squeezed out by tongue & swallowed. Bolus is rechewed. Contractions & swallowing follow.
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What is anisocytosis?
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Abnormal variations in size of erythrocytes
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Is anisocytosis normal?
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Yes, in cattle
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What is echinocytosis?
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Crenation of erythrocytes with 10-30 spicules; resembles a sea urchin
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Is echinocytosis normal?
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Yes, in pigs
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When should anion gap be calculated?
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When there is acidosis
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How do you calculate anion gap?
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Na + K - Cl + HCO3 + unmeasured anion
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What could cause high anion gap?
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Ethylene glycol toxicity, lactic acidosis, dehydration
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What kind of bacteria is Arcanobacterium pyogenes?
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Gram positive, non-motile, coccoid rods, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobe, capnophilic, foul odor
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How is Arcanobacterium pyogenes transmitted?
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Biting fly, external injury (thorn, wires, horn)
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Where is Arcanobacterium pyogenes commonly found?
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Mucous membranes of upper respiratory, GI, and genital tracts and udders of domestic animals. Commonly associated with bovine rumen.
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What kind of infections can Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause?
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Mastitis, suppurative pneumonia, endometritis, pyometra, arthritis, umbilical infection
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What disease is most frequently seen in dry cows or heifers before or at time of calving?
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Summer mastitis
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What is the most common pathogen of domestic ruminants?
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Arcanobacterium pyogenes
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What type of hemolysis does Arcanobacterium pyogenes do?
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Beta-hemolytic as a result of production of pyolysin (POL)
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How is A. pyogenes diagnosed?
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Isolate from lesion material. Produces 0.5mm colonies, surrounded by a zone of B-hemolysis. Gram-staining can be done also.
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How can A. pyogenes infection be treated?
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Occasionally responsive to penicillin. Resistant to most antibiotics.
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What is A. pyogenes' virulence factor?
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Pyolysin (POL)
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When does udder development usually become evident in most domestic animals?
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By the middle of gestation
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When does the secretion of milk usually begin?
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During the latter part of gestation
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What does the mammary gland transform into?
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Transforms from a strucutre involving mostly stromal (CT) elements to a structure that is filled with alveolar cells that are actively synthesizing and secreting milk
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When does milk lactation increase and when does it decrease?
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Increases for the first 3-4 weeks of lactation and then begins to slowly decline through the end of lactation
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When are cows dried up?
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Usually after 305-day lactational periods
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How and why are dairy animals dried up?
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Dried up by stopping the milking in order to prepare them for the next lactation
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What is involution (pertaining to lactation)?
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The process of alveoli and excretory duct systems regressing. The back pressure of milk within the alveoli gradually inhibits the secretion of milk by the alveolar epithelial cells, wtih a resulatant regression of the alveolar cells and small ducts
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How long does involution take?
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Atleast 1 month (and 6 weeks rest before the next lactation)
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What is cow milk composed of? And how much?
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3.5% fat
3.1% protein 4.9% lactose 0.7% ash |
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What is peritonitis?
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Inflammation of the peritoneum. It may be chronic, local, or diffuse.
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What is more common: primary or secondary peritonitis?
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Secondary
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What often accompanies peritonitis?
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Pain, fever, toxemia, and reduced fecal output
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What can cause primary peritonitis?
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Infectious agent, such as FIP, Nocardia spp., Mycobacterium spp.
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Which type of peritonitis is usually chronic and which is acute?
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Primary = chronic
Secondary = acute |
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What is secondary peritonitis commonly associated with?
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GI perforation, dehiscence of abdominal wound closure, perforation of other infected viscera, pyometra
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Which microorganisms are associated with septic peritonitis in the GI?
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Coliforms and anaerobes
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What are the common causes of peritonitis in cattle?
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Traumatic reticuloperitonitis, abomasal ulcer perforation, abomasal volvulus, rumentitis, c-section
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what are some clinical Signs seen in cattle with peritonitis?
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cautious gait, arched back, grunting while urinating or defecating,fever, reduced fecal output
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HCl is released from what cells in the stomach?
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Parietal cells
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Chief cells of the stomach are responsible for the production and release of:
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pepsinogen
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This liver metabolite and bile ingredient comes from the breakdown of hemoglobin
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Bilirubin
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Where are the brunner's glands located?
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Proximal duodenum
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The ilem contains primary lymphoid tissue called?
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Peyer's patches
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Bile has these for the emulsification of fat
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bile salts
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Bilirubin is transported from the spleen to the liver in its __________ form
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unconjugated
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This phase of digestion is stimulated by the anticipation of food
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cephalic
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What is the rate-limiting step in bilirubin elimination?
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Active transport from hepatocyte into bile canaliculi
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What substance is used to conjugate non-soluble substances in the liver so that they can be excreted in bile?
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Glucuronic acid
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This peptide hormone increases the release of pancreatic digestive enzyme and bile.
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Cholecytokinin from I-cells of the duodenum
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What is the role of secretin in digestion?
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Release of HCO3 from the pancreas in the proximal duodenum
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This enzyme activates zymogens in the lumen of the duodenum
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Enterokinase
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Which transporter is used for glucose/galactose absorption from intestinal lumen into enterocyte?
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SGLT
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This receptor is necessary for the binding and uptake of immunoglobins from colostrum in neonatal calves
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Fc-receptors
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