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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nonverbal Communication is...
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all messages other than words that people exchange.
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Packages or Clusters
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Nonverbal Communication comes in clusters, meaning that peope send more than one cue that can and should be looked at to understand a message.
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The culture plays an important role in nonverbal communiation because...
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...different cultures have different forms of nonverbal communication. Without understanding the culture of the sender or receiver the message can be miscommunicated.(when to perform, what to perform, what it means, and which cues)
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What percentage of social meaning comes from nonverbal communication.
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60-65%
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When Verbal/Nonverbal contradict, adults believe...
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1) face, 2) voice, 3) words.
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The 4 basic approaches to the study of nonverbal communication are...
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1. Physical/Biological, 2. Structural, 3. Functional, 4. Meaning or interpretive.
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What's the difference between codes and functions?
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Code is the behavior (the action, or the 'how') and function is what the code accomplishes (what it means).
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Miscommunication occurs when...
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...a person intends to send a particular message, but the receiver interprets the message incorrectly.
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Attempted Communication occurs when...
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...a person intends to send a message but no one receives it (a girl never notices you smiling at her).
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Accidental Communication occurs when...
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...a person attaches the right meaning to a persons unintended behavior (you shake during a speech and people thing you're nervous).
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Unattended Behavior occurs when...
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...a behavior goes unnoticed by the receiver (no one realizes you're shaking during a speech).
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Kinesics
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This code includes messages sent by your body through gestures, posture, body movement, and so forth. Includes messages sent by face like smiles, frowns, grimmaces and eye movement.
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Appearance and Adornment
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This code includes physical appearance and olfactic (smell) cues. Physical apperance includes size, shape, and color of your body, your attractiveness and how you dress. Olfactic includes body smell and colognes.
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Vocalics
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This code includes the sounds of the voice as well as in silence. Refers to HOW you say words. Includes pitch, pauses, speed, and when you use silence instead of speaking.
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Contact Codes
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This code includes both spatial and tactile communication. Spatial (Proxemics) focuses on how you use space and territory. Tactile (Haptics) refers to touch and physical contact.
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Time and Place Codes
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Chronemics - use of time (punctuality). Environmental cues include architectural design, color, and furniture arrangement that set the stage for communication with others.
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Immediacy Clues
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One of the primary ways people communicate closeness, liking, and intimacy. Shows others you are interested in them (smile, distance, touch, gaze, forwards lean).
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Nonimmediacy Clues
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Create large distances, defensive posturing, and signalling you are unavailable and communicating that you dislike someone.
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Primary or Basic Emotions
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Happiness, fear, anger, sadness, disgust and surprise. These are universal expressions.
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Emotional Blends
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Occurs when more than one basic emotion is experienced at the same time and expressed more subtly (harder to recognize). Ex. disapointment blends sadness, suprise, and jealousy.
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Strategic Clues
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People use these to hide the fact that they are decieving. Ex. smiling a lot to appear friendly.
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Relational Context
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Such as the type of relationship between the interactants and the stage of the relationship influence how nonverbals are enacted and interpreted.
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The Situation
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Situational factors influence the performance of nonverbals (public or private), etc.
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Sending Powerful Messages
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Powerful people touch more than they are touched, they look at others less than they are looked at except when they stare someone down. You might touch someone when trying to persuade them.
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All Cognitive Theories Say:
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1. People have expectations.
2. Violations of expectations are arousing. 3. Arousal leads to either reciprocity (matching or similar behavior) or compensation (different behaviors) 4. Use approach and avoidance behaviors to balance 5. Strong pressures to match and reciprocate (norm of reciprocity) |
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Expectation Violation Theory (three types of violations)
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1.positive, 2. negative, 3. ambiguous (complicated)
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Positive Violations
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A pretty girl you see strikes up a conversation.
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Negative Violation
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A teacher decides to add a class on a saturday.
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Amiguous Violations
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Are complicated and depend on the reward value.
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Interaction Adaption Theory
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Adds to EVT:
• Matching (similar behavior) and synchrony (coordination) increases when under similar external influences. • Considers the situational requirements (including biological needs such as fatigue and hunger) and desires (personal preferences) in addition to expectations. |
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Rules Theory
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Statements that tell others how they should behave.
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Episode
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What you think you're doing.
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Nonverbal Adaption
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When people change their behavior to be more simmilar to their partner, it is called RECIPROCITY. When you switch their behavior to be less simmilar, COMPENSATION or DIVERGENCE has occured.
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Research is...
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...systemic. Research
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The 4 principles of Nonverbal Research are...
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Four Principles
1. Explain variance • rule out rival explanations 2. Repeatability • more than one observation/observer • replication 3. Systematic 4. Generalization |
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Types of research methods:
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manipulation/no manipulation,
lab/field |
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Research Questions:
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Start with a question or prediction. Used to describe. Doesn't limit what you look at.
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Hypothesis:
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Used to predict a situation.
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Good Receivers tend to...
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• monitor their own behavior
• be better adjusted • be less dogmatic • be more extroverted • be more popular and more interpersonally sensitive |
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Good Senders tend to...
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• monitor their own behavior
• be more extroverted • be more attractive and popular • be more bossy • be more impulsive • be less shy and lonely |
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Stereotypes
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primarily based on social groups, ridgid, fixed categories
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Impressions
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...more vague, can change over time.
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Heuristics
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quick decision codes (I found a new doctor- what's HIS name?)
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Cultures have different forms of nonverbals:
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Code, Conversation, Community
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Code
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system of rules, meanings beliefs, values, images of the idea, world view (Hebrew/Yiddish)
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Conversation
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patterns of verbal and nonverbal interraction (Expressive, Aggressive)
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Community
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grouping, shared identities, sense of membership (Temple, other Jews)
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Low Power Distance
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Expect Equality
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High Power Distance
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Expect Inequality (USA)
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Power Distance
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Distance between super rich/powerful and everyone else.
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Uncertainty (strong vs. weak)
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Strong Uncertainty - Different is Dangerous, Weak Uncertainty - Different is Curious
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Role Differentiation
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How ridgid are a cultures expectations about social roles such as gender
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Men and women are...
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...more alike than different.
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Feminine” is associated with
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being attractive, unassertive, emotional and nurturing and concerned about relationships (reactive and responsive)
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Masculine” is associated with
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being strong, unemotional, aggressive, brave, successful and wealthy (initiation and independence)
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