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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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according to erikson, development that encompasses changes in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior
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psychosocial development
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according to erikson, the period during which children ages 3-6 experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action
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initiative v. guilt
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a person's identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual
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self-concept
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a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence
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collectivistic orientation
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a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual
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individualistic orientation
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the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people
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race dissonance
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the process in which children attempt to be similar to their parent of the same sex, incorporating the parent's attitudes and values
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identification
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the perception of oneself as male or female
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gender identity
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a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender
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gender schema
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the fact that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors
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gender constancy
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play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3 year olds
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functional play`
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play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something
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constructive play
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action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar matter, but do not interact with each other
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parallel play
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action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves
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onlooker play
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play in which two or more children interact by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing
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associative play
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play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests
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cooperative play
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parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold and whose word is the law; they value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement
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authoritarian parents
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parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of the children
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permissive parents
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parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but try to reason with their children, explaining why they should behave in a particular way
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authoritative parents
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parents who show virtually no interest in their children, displaying indifferent, rejecting behavior
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uninvolved parents
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the maturation of people's sense of justice, of what is right and wrong, and their behvaior in connection with such issues
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moral development
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the stage of moral development in which rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable
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heteronomous morality
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the notion that rules that are broken earn immediate punishment
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immanent justice
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helping behavior that benefits others
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prosocial behavior
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the process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles
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abstract modeling
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the understanding of what another individual feels
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empathy
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intentional injury or harm to another person
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aggression
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the capability to adjust one's emotions to a desired state and level of intensity
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emotional self-regulation
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aggression motivated by desire to obtain a concrete goal
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instrumental aggression
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nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another person's psychological well being
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relational aggression
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