Cas 325A

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The process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data.

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scientific method

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research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationships between two factors exists

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correlation

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research designed to discover causal relationships among various factors

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experimental research

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measuring individual

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longitudinal studies

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ppl of different ages are compared at the same point of time

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cross-sectional studies

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studies in which researchers examines members of a number of different age groups at several points in time.

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sequential studies

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Theory that emphasized how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interaction between members of a culture

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Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

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a teaching style that mathces the amount of assistance given to the learner's needs

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scaffolding

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the difference between what one can do with help and what one can do alone

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zone of proximal development

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This theory views development from an evolutionary perspective. In this theory, many behaviors are adaptive-they have survival value.

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Ethological theory

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is the time in development when a specific type of learning can take place; before or after the critical period, the same learning is difficult or even impossible.

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critical period

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Rapid, innate learning that occurs within a critical period of time and that involves attachment to the first moving object the infant sees.

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imprinting

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an optimal time for certain developments to occur bc environmental evets are most effective for fostering their development at that time.

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sensitive

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is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain and make predictions about development.

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theory

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suggested that developmental change occurs throughout our lives in 8 stages.

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Erikson psychosocial theory

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name all FOUR stages to eriksons psychosocial

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trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority

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to develop a sense that a world is a good place

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trust vs. mistrust

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to realize that one is an independent person who can make decisions

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autonomy vs. shame/doubt

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to develop a willingness to try new things and handle failure

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initiative vs. guilt

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to learn basic skills and to work with others

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industry vs. inferiority

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stimulus, that w/o conditions, will elicit a predictable response

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Unconditional stimulus UCS

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a response that, without conditions, results predictably from an unconditional stimulus

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unconditional response UCR

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a stimulus that will elicit a predictable response bc of its previous pairing with a previously occurring reflex

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conditional stimulus CS

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a predictable response to a stimulus that has influence bc of its previous pairing with a previously occurring reflex

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conditional response CR

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a form of learning in which a voluntary response is stregthened or weakened, depending on its association with + or - consequences.

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operant conditioning
ex: genie, wild child

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consequence that increase the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows

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reinforcement

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rewarding ppl by giving a reward

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positive reinforcement

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rewarding ppl by taking away unpleasant things

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negative reinforcement

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a consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows

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punishment

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process in which ppl understand a experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking

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assimilation

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process that changes existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or event

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accommodation

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5 levels of ecological theory

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microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

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approach suggests that there are 5 levels of the environment that simultaneously influence individuals.

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Bronfenbrenner
Ecological Approach

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everyday, immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives

ex: homes, caregivers firends, teachers

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microsystem

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provides connections between various aspencts of the microsystem.

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mesosystem

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represents broader influences, encompassing societal institutions

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exosystem

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represents the larger cultural influences on an individual

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macrosystem

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the dimension of time. It is the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course.

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chronosystem

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involves gradual development in which achievement at 1 level builds on those of previous levels.

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continuous change

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development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages.

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discontinuous change

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refers to traits, abilities, capacities that are inherited from one's parents

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nature

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refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior

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nuture

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identical twins: one fertilized egg divided into 2 separate individuals

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monozygotic twins

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fraternal twins: 2 separate eggs fertlized by two separate sperm cells

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dizygotic twins

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a prenatal medical procedure in which high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen

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ultrasound sonography

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a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed at a scertain point in the pregnancy between the 8 and the 11 wks of pregnancy

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chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

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a prenatal medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic flud is withdrawn by syringe and tested to discover if the fetus is suffering from any chromosomal or metabolic disorders. it is performed between the 15 and 20 wks of pregnancy

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amniocentesis

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a prenataly diagnostic technique that is used to assess blood alphaprotein level, which is associated with neural tube defects. This techniqe is also called the alpha-fetoprotein test

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maternal blood test

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process begins when a sperm penetrates the outer layer of an ovum.

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fertilization

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the period of prenatal development that takes place in the first 2 wks after conception. It includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachemtn of the zygote to the uterine wall.

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germinal stage

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the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form and organs appear. This stage is the most critical time in prenatal development bc it is the time that environamental damage is most likely to occur. (2-8 wks

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embryonic stage

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the prenatal period of development that begins 2 mos. after conception and lasts about 7 mos. During this period, brain develops rapidly

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fetal stage

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any substance, influence, or agent that causes birth defects.

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teratogens

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when pregnant woman drinks ....she is most likely to give birth to a child with_________.

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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born less that 38 wks after conception

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preterm baby

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low birth weight

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5.5 lbs

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the first 1-2 mos of a baby

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neonate

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characteristics of a newborn: physical appearance

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20 in. 7.5lbs , vernix caseosa

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a white, waxy covering that provides the infant with protection from bacteria

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vernix caseosa

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simple, coordinated, unlearned responses.

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reflexes

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Name the 5 key reflexes

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sucking, rooting, grasping, stepping, swimming

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apgar scale

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7-10 normal
4-7 may be developmental difficulties
3 and below: emergency

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the degree to which an infant is alert, attentive, and awake

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state of arousal

(neonate states)

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imitating facial expressions

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neonatal imitation

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imitation of behaviors that occurred in the past

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deferred imitation

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the never cells that make up the communication system of the brain

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neurons

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parts of a neuron that are located on the cell body and receive messages

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dendrites

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long part of a neuron that is located at the cell base and send messages to other neurons

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axon

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small gaps, or spaces, between the cells through which info is transmitted from on neuron to the next.

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synapses

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the process in whcih a neuron is sheathed in a smooth layer of fatty proteins (myelin).

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myelination

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the flexibility of the brain allows it to fine-tune through interactions with its environment

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brain plasticity

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the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body

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cephalocaudal principle

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the principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward

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proximodistal principle

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a baby moves with his stomach on floor

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crawling

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a baby moves on his hands and knees without his stomach touching the floor

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creeping