Cartilage And Bone Connective Tissue

Front 1

sutural bones

Back 1

extra bones within the sutures of the skull

Front 2

sesamoid bones

Back 2

extra bones that form in tendons in response to stress as the tendons repeatedly move across a joint
the patella is a sesamoid bone

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cartilage

Back 3

*semi-rigid connective tissue that is weaker than bone but *more flexible and resiliant
contains chondroblasts that mature into chondrocytes scattered throughout a gel-like ground substance

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*three major functions of cartilage

Back 4

-support soft tissue
*c shaped hyaline cartilage rings keep the walls of the trachea and smaller airways open
*flexible elastic cartilage supports the external portion of the ear
provides a gliding surface at articulations where two bones meet
provides a model for the formation of bone

Front 5

three types of cartilage

Back 5

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

Front 6

hyaline cartilage

Back 6

most abundant type of cartilage
found in the trachea (airpipe)
larynx (voicebox)
and articular joints on bones, growth plates, and fetal skeleton
supplies support and flexibility and resilience, and the extracellular matrix has a translucent (hyaline ) appearance

Front 7

fibrocartilage

Back 7

has an extracellular matrix with numerous thick collagen fibers that help resist both stretching and compaction forces- between vertebrae and symphysis pubis

Front 8

elastic cartilage

Back 8

highly branched elastic fibers within its extracellular matrix and is found in regions requiring highly flexible support, such as the external ear, the ear canal, and the epiglottis that guards the entrance to the voicebox

Front 9

bones contain...

Back 9

contain numerous types of tissue, including vascular, nervous, connective, muscular, cartilage, and osseous
-rigid due to the deposition of minerals in the matrix, a process called calcification

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bones function...

Back 10

support-provide framework
protect-delicate inner organs such as the brain and spinal cord (vertebrae)and heart and lungs (ribs)and urinary and digestive organs (pelvis)
-movement- skeletal muscles provide the force or effort to move the bones of the body as levers for walking running and use or fingers
-hemopoeisis (hematopoiesis)- process of blood cell formation - carried out by stem cells in red bone marrow located in spongy bone

Front 11

red bone marrow

Back 11

forms all the different types of blood cells
-in children active red bone marrow is in the spongy bone of most of the bones in the body in adults much of it becomes inactive and turns into fatty tissue called "yellow bone marrow"
but the active red bone marrow that they do have is in the
-flat bones of the skull
-vertebrae
-ribs
-sternum
-bones of the pelvis
-proximal ends of the left and right humerous and femur

Front 12

hemopoeisis (hematopoisis)

Back 12

formation of red blood cells
occurs under the stimulation of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys

Front 13

bone cell biopsies are taken from....

Back 13

the sternum and the posterior portion of the illium

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more than 90% of the bodies reserves of the minerals calcium and phosphate are store and released by...

Back 14

bone

Front 15

calcium is essential for

Back 15

muscle contraction. blood clotting and nerve i,mpulse transmission

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phosphate is needed for ...

Back 16

atp utilization

Front 17

energy in the form of fat is stored...

Back 17

in the yellow bone marrow

Front 18

most of the bodies fat supplies are located in the....

Back 18

hypodermis near the surface of the body

Front 19

long bones

Back 19

function as levers, typically in the upper extremity (upper arm, forearm, palm, and fingers) and the lower
extremity (thigh, lower leg, sole of the foot, and toes)
-serve as a model of bone structure

Front 20

short bones

Back 20

cube shaped and act to transfer forces
bones of the wrist and ankle

Front 21

flat bones

Back 21

broad with a dense surface and serve for muscle attachment or protection of underlying organs
roof of the skull, scapulae, breastbone, and ribs

Front 22

two types of long bones

Back 22

femur and humerous

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diaphysis

Back 23

central shaft of a long bone

Front 24

medullary cavity

Back 24

a hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis
(marrow cavity)
contains adipose tissue (yellow marrow)
lined with a membrane called the endosteum
cells associated with the endosteum help to remodel the medullary cavity during bone growth and development

Front 25

epiphysis

Back 25

an expanded knobby region at the end of a long bone
outer layer of compact bone and inner layer of spongy bone
at a joint the this is called articular cartilage
-articulart cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock

Front 26

periosteum

Back 26

covers the outer surface of the bone with the exception of articular cartilage covered surfaces
serves as a place for tendon-muscle attachment to bone
responsible for growth of the width of the bone

Front 27

epiphyseal growth plate

Back 27

located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis in growing children and teenages
composed of hyaline cartilage
and has intense mitotic activity that helps bones increase in length
mitotic activity controlled by human growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain
damage here in a growing child can stop growth all together causing a permanantly short limb
in an adult this plate's remnant is called an epiphyseal line

Front 28

four types of cells associated with bone connective tissue

Back 28

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

Front 29

Osteoprogenitor cells

Back 29

located within both the periosteum and endosteum and give rise to cells that become osteoblasts

Front 30

osteoblasts

Back 30

secrete the initial semisolid form bone matrix called "osteoid"
differentiate into osteocytes within the matrix they create

Front 31

osteocytes

Back 31

maintain bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone-tell when to make new bone

Front 32

osteoclasts

Back 32

large multinuclear, phagocytic cells and are derived from bone marrow cells similar to those that produce monocytes in blood
-break down bone in a process called "osteolysis"

Front 33

FYI

Back 33

osteoblasts add bone matrix and osteoclasts remove it in a delicate balance

Front 34

Bones consist of

Back 34

inorganic and organic components

Front 35

organic components of bone

Back 35

make up one third of the bones mass and consist of cells, collagen fibers, and ground substance, and provide flexibility to bone

Front 36

inorganic components of bone

Back 36

provide bone with compressional strength and consist of calcium compunds, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and fluoride

Front 37

what two types of bone connective tissue are there?

Back 37

compact and cancellous

Front 38

compact bone is...

Back 38

solid and dense
in long bone it forms the solid external walls of the bone
in flat bones of the skull compact bone forms both an inner and outer layer

Front 39

cancellous (spongy) bone is found where in long bones?

Back 39

within the epiphysis

Front 40

spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone is referred to as what?

Back 40

diploe

Front 41

can a blow to the head fracture the outer later of compact bone without harming the inner compact layer? why or why not?

Back 41

yes, the spongy bone inbetween the compact helps to destribute stresses and forces

Front 42

what is ossification?

Back 42

the formation and development of bone connective tissue

Front 43

when does ossification begin? when does it stop?

Back 43

ossification begins in embryonic development and continues throughout a persons life

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WHat types of ossification are there?

Back 44

intermembranous
endochondral

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intermembranous ossification

Back 45

produces the flat bones of the skull, some facial bones(zygomatic(cheek)bone, and maxilla(upper jaw bone), the mandible (lower jaw) and the central part of the clavicle.

Front 46

sesamoid bones

Back 46

develop by intermembranous ossification inside of tendons

Front 47

endochondral ossification

Back 47

this is how the majority of the skeleton develops
(limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, and the end of clavicles)

Front 48

steps of endochondral ossification

Back 48

1) during fetal development chondroblasts secrete cartilage matrixc and hyaline model forms
2)cartilage cells in the center of the shaft increase and minerals are deposited by calcification which restricts passage of nutrients to cartilage cells and causes them to die
osteoblasts differentiate into bone cells and secrete osteoid, the organic component of bone
a thin plate of compact bone is formed that surrounds the outer surface of the cartilage (periosteal bone collar)
3)osteoblasts and blood vessels invade the disintegrating center of the cartilagenous bone and replace it with bone (primary ossification center) (bone formed by 12th week of fetal development
this then occurs at proximal and distal epiphyses (secondary ossification centers)

Front 49

growth hormone (somatotropin) is produced by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland and stimulates....

Back 49

the activity of the epiphyseal growth plates

Front 50

sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) can accelerate...

Back 50

bone growth dramatically at the epiphyseal growth plates

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vitamin A activates osteo____

Back 51

blasts

Front 52

Vitamin C is required for normal synthesis of ____

Back 52

collagen

Front 53

stress fracture

Back 53

a thin break caused by increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads, such as in running

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pathologic fracture

Back 54

(spontaneous fracture) that can occur when a bone is weakened by disease

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closed fracture

Back 55

no break in the skin

Front 56

open fracture

Back 56

break in skin surface

Front 57

comminuted fracture

Back 57

bone splintered in many pieces

Front 58

spiral fracture

Back 58

bone broken with twisting movement causing helical cracking

Front 59

greenstick fracture

Back 59

incomplete break with bowing

Front 60

depressed fracture

Back 60

portion of the bone is driven inward

Front 61

displaced fracture

Back 61

fragments are out of proper alignment

Front 62

nondisplaced fracture

Back 62

fragments are in anatomical alignment

Front 63

what is is called when blood vessels inside the bone and in the periostinum are torn?

Back 63

fracture hematoma
-this is cleaned up by phagocytic blood cells and by osteoclasts that reabsorb the bone fragments. a soft fibrocartilage callous is then formed and then a bony callous. then a new vascular system is established and compact bone develops around the periphery of the fracture

Front 64

fibrocartilage callous

Back 64

the bridge that is formed across injured bones

Front 65

what do projections from a bone surface indicate?

Back 65

where tendons and ligaments are attached

Front 66

what sets articulation sites apart?

Back 66

they are smooth bone

Front 67

depressions, grooves, and tunnes through bones indicate what?

Back 67

sites where blood vessels and nerves either lie or penetrate the bone

Front 68

articulating surfaces

Back 68

condyle
facet
head

Front 69

condyle

Back 69

large smooth rounded articulating oval structure

Front 70

facet

Back 70

small flat shallow atriculating surface

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head

Back 71

prominant, rounded epiphysis

Front 72

depressions

Back 72

alveolus
fossa

Front 73

alveolus

Back 73

deep pit or socket in the upper jaw (maxillae) or lower jaw (mandible)

Front 74

fossa

Back 74

flattened or shallow depression

Front 75

projections for tendon and ligament attachment

Back 75

crest
epicondyle
process
spine
trochanter
tubercle
tuberosity
fissure
foramen
sinus

Front 76

crest

Back 76

narrow, prominant, ridgelike prejection

Front 77

epicondyle

Back 77

projection adjacent to a condyle

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process

Back 78

any marked bony prominence

Front 79

spine

Back 79

pointed slender process

Front 80

trochanter

Back 80

massive, rough projection found only on the thigh bone (femur)

Front 81

tubercle

Back 81

small, round projection

Front 82

tuberosity

Back 82

large rough projection

Front 83

openings and spaces

Back 83

fissure
foramen
sinus

Front 84

fissure

Back 84

narrow, slit-like opening through a bone

Front 85

foramen

Back 85

rounded passageway through a bone

Front 86

sinus

Back 86

cavity or hollow space in a bone