Carson's Nuclear And Cytoplasmic Staining

Front 1

Harris hematoxylin is used on tissue sections to stain:

Back 1

nuclei

Front 2

Ripening of hematoxylin is a process of:

Back 2

oxidation

Front 3

The active staining ingredient in ripened hematoxylin solutions is:

Back 3

hematein

Front 4

The most important step in regressive hematoxylin staining is:

Back 4

differentiation in acid-alcohol

Front 5

Hematein is formed in Mayer hematoxylin solution by the addition of:

Back 5

sodium iodate

Front 6

Mordants are used to:

Back 6

link tissue constituents more closely to the dye

Front 7

During H&E staining, if ammonia is incompletely removed by washing, the result may be:

Back 7

poor staining with eosin

Front 8

The combination of a dye and a mordant is called:

Back 8

dye lake

Front 9

Mercuric oxide (or sodium iodate) is used in Harris Hematoxylin to:

Back 9

form hematein

Front 10

DNA can be demonstrated with:

Back 10

the Feulgen reaction

Front 11

All of the following are aluminum hematoxylins EXCEPT:

a) Delafield
b) Harris
c) Mayer
d) Weigert

Back 11

d) Weigert

Front 12

Which of the following hematoxylins is not readily decolorized with acidic solutions?

a) Harris
b) Delafield
c) Weigert
d) Verhoeff

Back 12

c) Weigert

Front 13

Natural resins are rarely used for mounting sections today because they:

Back 13

are inherently acidic

Front 14

Which of the following stains requires mounting with aqueous mounting media?

a) Fite
b) Oil Red O
c) Grocott
d) H&E

Back 14

b) Oil Red O

Front 15

The mordant in Weigert hematoxylin is:

Back 15

iron

Front 16

Acetic acid is added to Harris hematoxylin to:

Back 16

make nuclear staining more specific

Front 17

A dye that may be substituted for hematoxylin in routine staining is:

Back 17

celestine blue

Front 18

Which of the following is a good example of a polychrome stain?

a) alcian blue
b) Congo Red
c) Giemsa
d) Kinyoun

Back 18

c) Giemsa

Front 19

Which of the following is stained rose by the methyl green-pyronin (MGP) technique?

a) heterochromatin
b) DNA
c) RNA
d) Golgi apparatus

Back 19

c) RNA

Front 20

The chemical group in dyes that confers the property of color is called a:

Back 20

chromophore

Front 21

An auxochrome is a/an:

Back 21

ionizing group present in dyes

Front 22

Which of the following is formed when hematoxylin is subjected to the action of sodium iodate?

a) a dye lake
b) hematein
c) hematin
d) a polychrome

Back 22

b) hematein

Front 23

Heterochromatin is stained by:

Back 23

hematoxylin

Front 24

Which of the following techniques is an example of dye absorption?

a) H&E
b) methyl green-pyronin
c) Feulgen
d) oil red O

Back 24

d) oil red O

Front 25

Most cytoplasmic proteins are:

Back 25

acidophilic

Front 26

Differentiating in the H&E stain is an example of using:

Back 26

a weak acid

Front 27

A tissue component that takes up a cationic dye is said to be:

Back 27

basophilic

Front 28

Into which of the following dye categories does eosin fall?

a) polychromatic
b) cationic
c) anionic
d) amphoteric

Back 28

c) anionic

Front 29

For the best cytoplasmic staining, the pH of the eosin should be between:

Back 29

4.6 to 5.0

Front 30

Ethylene glycol functions in Gill hematoxylin solutions to:

Back 30

prevent surface scum

Front 31

Which of the following hematoxylin solutions will stain the mucin in goblet cells?

a) Gill
b) Mayer
c) Harris
d) Weigert

Back 31

a) Gill

Front 32

The Feulgen reaction demonstrates:

Back 32

DNA only

Front 33

The Feulgen reaction is unsatisfactory on tissue fixed in:

Back 33

Bouin solution

Front 34

Romanowsky-type stains are combinations of:

Back 34

one acid and one basic dye

Front 35

Nuclear staining is made more selective by adding which of the following to hematoxylin solutions?

a) sodium citrate
b) chloral hydrate
c) ethylene glycol
d) acetic acid

Back 35

d) acetic acid

Front 36

Hematoxylin is converted to a dye lake in the Mayer formula by adding which of the following to the solution?

a) sodium iodate
b) citric acid
c) ammonium aluminum sulfate
d) chloral hydrate

Back 36

c) ammonium aluminum sulfate

Front 37

A large quantity of Delafield hematoxylin stock solution must be maintained because of:

Back 37

slow hematein formation

Front 38

To link hematoxylin to tissue DNA, which of the following must be added?

a) acid
b) oxidizer
c) stabilizer
d) mordant

Back 38

d) mordant

Front 39

Hematoxylin is an effective stain when it:

a) can only be used progressively
b) contains chromophoric groupings
c) influences the isoelectric point of proteins
d) is polychromed

Back 39

b) contains chromophoric groupings

Front 40

Romanowsky-type stains are usually preferred for the demonstration of:

Back 40

leukocytes

Front 41

For the most transparency and clarity when viewing well-stained microscopic sections, the refractive index of the mounting medium should be:

Back 41

near that of the tissue

Front 42

Synthetic resins are preferred over natural resins because the synthetic resins:

Back 42

preserve the intensity of the stains with time

Front 43

Aqueous mounting media have an index of refraction that is:

Back 43

significantly below that of the tissue

Front 44

A decrease in section transparency can be caused by using:

Back 44

mounting medium that has become to thick

Front 45

Fixation with NBF will cause tissue cytoplasm to:

a) take up more hematoxylin
b) take up more eosin
c) be more difficult to blue
d) resist acid decolorization

Back 45

a) take up more hematoxylin

Front 46

If the pH of the staining solution is between 4.6 and 5.0 eosin combines with which of the following chemical groups?

a) COO⁻
b) NH₃⁺
c) PO₃⁻
d) N=N

Back 46

b) NH₃⁺

Front 47

Which of the following can be added to an aqueous mounting medium to prevent bleeding of analine dyes into surrounding medium?

a) cane sugar
b) Canada balsam
c) glycerine
d) gelatin

Back 47

a) cane sugar

Front 48

The Giemsa stain is most satisfactory if the pH is between:

Back 48

6.4 and 6.9

Front 49

Which of the following hematoxylin solutions must be used within a few days after preparation?

a) Gill
b) Delafield
c) Harris
d) Weigert

Back 49

d) Weigert

Front 50

An organelle that causes the cytoplasm to show increased basophilia is the:

Back 50

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 51

T/F: Basic dyes have a negative charge.

Back 51

-False

-basic dyes have a positive charge, and bind with negatively charged particles

Front 52

T/F: Oxidizers are sometimes used for differentiation.

Back 52

true

Front 53

T/F: Eosin is differentiated by the dehydrating alcohols.

Back 53

true

Front 54

T/F: An increase or decrease in the pH of the staining solution can alter staining by changing tissue and/or dye changes.

Back 54

true

Front 55

T/F: Staining is influenced by the fixative used.

Back 55

true

Front 56

T/F: Ferric chloride is both mordant and oxidizer.

Back 56

true

Front 57

T/F: Delafield hematoxylin is an iron hematoxylin.

Back 57

-false

-Weigert hematoxylin is an iron hematoxylin

Front 58

T/F: An increase in temperature usually increases the rate of staining.

Back 58

true

Front 59

T/F: Frozen sections can be stained with thionin.

Back 59

true

Front 60

T/F: Resinous mounting media have an index of refraction much lower than that of the tissue.

Back 60

false

Front 61

T/F: Resinous mounting media are usually dissolved in toluene or xylene.

Back 61

true

Front 62

T/F: "The more, the better" is a good practice for applying mounting medium.

Back 62

false

Front 63

T/F: The nucleolus of plasma cells is stained green with the methyl green-pyronin technique.

Back 63

-false

-DNA is stained green

Front 64

T/F: Bouin solution is a good fixative for tissue to be stained with the Feulgen reaction.

Back 64

-false

-bouin solution should not be used with the Feulgen reaction

Front 65

Microscopic examination of an H&E-stained section shows nuclei with well-defined chromatin patterns, crisp nuclear membranes, and very pale pink staining of the cytoplasm and erythrocytes. These results indicate:

Back 65

a probable pH problem with the eosin

Front 66

An H&E-stained section shows reddish-brown stained nuclei, pink cytoplasm, and bright rose red erythrocytes. These results indicate:

Back 66

the use of overripened hematoxylin

Front 67

H&E-stained sections show very uneven staining with some areas of the slide well stained and other areas unstained. These results indicate that most likely the:

Back 67

paraffin was not completely removed

Front 68

While staining a rack of sections, it is noted that the water following rehydrating alcohols turns very cloudy. This can most likely be corrected by:

Back 68

changing the alcohols

Front 69

H&E-stained sections reveal brown pigment-like stippling and rare glossy black nuclei. This most likely has been caused by a mounting medium that:

Back 69

was applied after letting the slide dry

Front 70

H&E-stained sections of liver show very dark nuclei and some blue staining in the cytoplasm. This is most likely caused by:

Back 70

inadequate differentiation of the hematoxylin

Front 71

H&E-stained sections of small intestine reveal muscle, collagen, and red blood cells all stained the same shade of pink. This indicates:

Back 71

poor differentiation of the eosin

Front 72

A blue-black precipitate is seen on H&E-stained sections. This could probably be prevented in the future by:

Back 72

filtering the hematoxylin

Front 73

Water bubbles are seen microscopically on H&E-stained sections. This could probably be prevented in the future by:

Back 73

making sure that the dehydration step is complete

Front 74

Microscopic examination of an H&E-stained section of kidney is very difficult. Some areas of the tissue cannot be brought into focus, while other areas show excellent detail. This is most likely due to:

Back 74

mounting medium on top of the cover glass

Front 75

H&E-stained sections show hazy blue nuclei, but recuts from tissue processed a week previously and stained in the same basket show excellent nuclear staining. One possible cause of the problem is:

Back 75

the use of too much heat during processing

Front 76

A Feulgen stain is requested on a section of Bouin-fixed lymph node. The best course of action is to:

Back 76

ask if there is tissue in another fixative

Front 77

Sections for special stains have been accidentally stained with hematoxylin. To remove the hematoxylin, place the sections in:

Back 77

acid alcohol

Front 78

what 2 parts of a cell can be seen under light microscope?

Back 78

Nucleus and cytoplasm

Front 79

A resting cell is in what phase?

Back 79

Interphase (between 2 phases)

Front 80

The nuclear membran is usually stained a crisp dark blue with what kind of hematoxylin?

Back 80

Aluminum

Front 81

The nucleus contain both euchromatin and heterochromatin. Which one is stainable?

Back 81

heterochromatin is stainable

Front 82

Ionic bonding is also known as:

Back 82

salt linkage

Front 83

Below the IEF poin or pH 6 the net charge is---- and favors------ dyes

Back 83

positive acid (anionic)

Front 84

All dyes are --- compounds

Back 84

organic

Front 85

Lipid stains are----compounds

Back 85

nonionic (no charge)

Front 86

the oxidized dye is:

Back 86

hematein

Front 87

Hematoxylin is

Back 87

not a dye, it must be oxidized to become a dye

Front 88

List oxidizing agents

Back 88

sodium iodate
mercuric oxide
potassium permanganate

Front 89

Which hematoxlin dyes oxidize naturally?

Back 89

Ehrlich and Delafield

Front 90

Since ripening/ oxidation is ongoing, there should always be some---

Back 90

unoxidixed dye left in the solution

Front 91

Complete oxidation is the same as:

Back 91

overoxidation

Front 92

Which hematoxlin dyes oxidize chemically?

Back 92

Mayer
Harris
Wigert
Gill

Front 93

What happens when a dye is overoxidized?

Back 93

It is brokendown and stains poorly

Front 94

The rate of oxidation is influenced by:

Back 94

pH

Front 95

Hematein forms quickly in a ----- solution (pH)

Back 95

basic

Front 96

Oxidixed hematein needs _______ to gain affinity for tissue

Back 96

a mordant

Front 97

If the oxizider and mordant are the same, what results?

Back 97

the solution becomes unstable

Front 98

List the non oxidizing mordants

Back 98

ammonium aluminum sulfate
potassium aluminum sulfate
phosphotungstic acid
phosphomolybdic acid

Front 99

More selective nuclear staining can be achieved by adding:

Back 99

more aluminum or acid

Front 100

what is the mordant in Harris Hematoxylin?

Back 100

ammonium aluminum sulfate

Front 101

What is the oxidizer in harris Hematoxylin?

Back 101

Mercuric oxide or sodium iodate

Front 102

Harris Hematoxilyn gives good nuclear detail because____ is added?

Back 102

acetic acid

Front 103

In Harris Hematoxylin, the hematoxylin is dissolved in:

Back 103

alcohol

Front 104

What is Harris Hematoxylin composed of?

Back 104

Hematoxylin
Sodium iodate
Alcohol
Acetic acid
Ammonium aluminum sulfate

Front 105

Which of the following chemicals functions as an oxidizer?
a) aluminum sulfate
b) sodium sulfite
c) potassium permanganate
d) acetic acid

Back 105

c) potassium permanganate

Front 106

Acidophilic tissue components that should appear stained different shades of pink following H&E staining are:

Back 106

muscle, collagen, and erythrocytes

Front 107

Differential staining of nuclei and cytoplasm with Giemsa solution is an example of:

Back 107

polychromasia

Front 108

Which of the following staining procedures is most suitable for demonstrating general tissue morphology?a) PAS
b) Verhoeff-van Gieson
c) hematoxylin and eosin
d) Wilder reticulin

Back 108

H&E

Front 109

After H&E staining, the cytoplasm in a tissue section appears hazy, obscure and contrasts poorly with the nuclei. The most likely cause is that:

Back 109

slides were not differentiated properly in alcohol

Front 110

Weigert hematoxylin solution is generally unsatisfactory for use after 3 to 4:

Back 110

days

Front 111

Microscopic sections stained with H&E show a lack of nuclear staining even though the hematoxylin is well-ripened and all other solutions are fresh. Which of the following factors could explain the poor result?
a) the slides were left too long in the neutralizer
b) prolonged storage of wet tissue in unbuffered formalin
c) the pH of the hematoxylin is between 2 an 2.4
d) the embedding paraffin is too hot

Back 111

-

Front 112

Sections are stained with Harris hematoxylin for 5 minutes and then treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. This type of staining is referred to as:

Back 112

regressive

Front 113

The selectivity for nuclear staining by Harris hematoxylin can be increased by adding:

Back 113

aluminum salts

Front 114

In slides stained with H&E, the sections appear very pink, with pale-reddish brown nuclei. Of the following, the most appropriate action is to:
a) restain the sections for a longer time in hematoxylin
b) discard and replace the ammonia water
c) replace the hematoxylin with fresh solution
d) the inability to tone

Back 114

-

Front 115

If hematoxylin is unavailable, which of the following dyes is recommended as a substitute in a routine hematoxylin and eosin procedure?
a) methyl blue
b) aniline blue
c) Nile blue A
d) celestine blue

Back 115

d) celestine blue

Front 116

Following hematoxylin and eosin staining, slides are dehydrated through ascending strengths of alcohol and cleared in xylene in the series is milky white. The most appropriate action is to:

Back 116

change alcohol and xylenes at the end of the series

Front 117

Microscopic evaluation of an H&E-stained section reveals dark deposits of material dispersed irregularly over the tissue. The most likely cause of this problem is that the hematoxylin solution:

Back 117

was not filtered before use

Front 118

Which of the following hematoxylin solutions contains ethylene glycol and aluminum sulfate?
a) Harris
b) Delafield
c) Gill
d) Mayer

Back 118

-

Front 119

Which of the follownig is an iron hematoxylin solution that is frequently used for nuclear staining?
a) Harris
b) Delafield
c) Mayer
d) Weigert

Back 119

d) Weigert

Front 120

A hematoxylin solution that is only used progressively is:

Back 120

Mayer

Front 121

Nuclei stained with a new Harris hematoxylin solution are predominately red and imprecisely outlined. This is most likely because of the use of:

Back 121

incompletely oxideized hematoxylin

Front 122

Which of the following acids in an alcoholic solution is most commonly used to differentiate aluminum-hematoxylin stained sections?
a) formic
b) hydrochloric
c) sulfuric
d) acetic

Back 122

-

Front 123

In addition to hematoxylin and potassium or ammonium alum, a traditional solution of Mayer hematoxylin contains:

Back 123

sodium iodate, chloral hydrate and citric acid

Front 124

A phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin solution can be ripened for immediate use by adding:

Back 124

potassium permanganate

Front 125

In the Feulgen reaction, hydrochloric acid reacts with DNA to create:

Back 125

aldehyde groups

Front 126

Microscopic review of H&E-stained sections reveals that the eosin is very pale. This is most likely due to:

Back 126

inadequate rinsing after neutralization

Front 127

Is Harris Hematoxylin a progressive or regressive stain?

Back 127

both