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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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date: Germany invades france
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1940
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date: Pearl Harbor (specific)
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Dec 7, 1941
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date: Yalta
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1945
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date: death of FDR
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1945
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date: HIroshima
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1945
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date: Marshall Plan approved
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1948
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date: Communist China victorious
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1949
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date: North Korea invades South Korea
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1950
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date: Brown vs. Board
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1954
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date: Little Rock
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1957
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date: Sputnik
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1957
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date: Civil Rights Act of ____
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1964
empowered federal law enforcement agencies to act to outlaw racial discrimination in voting employment and public accommodations |
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Oswald Spengler
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German philosopher, Wrote Decline of the West in 1919-1922
civilizations go through stages of rise and fall (like organisms); west currently in decline/dying state part of post WWI, depression pessimism |
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Arnold Toynbee
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Wrote A Study of HIstory in 1939
history contains a cycle of the rise and fall of different leaders most important factors are not economic, but personal leadership/spiritual forces generally not accepted by most historians |
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On the eve of 1940, why did everything appear so bleak (3 main general reasons outlined in class)
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1. Legacy of the Great War (destructiveness of war, collapse of dignity, doubt in god)
2. Economic Depression 3. Intellectual Pessimism (Sci Fi=apocalyptic, historians like Spengler and Toynbee see west in decline, revival of marxist thought) |
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Steinbeck
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Grapes of Wrath, 1939
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Sinclair Lewis
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It Can't Happen Here 1935
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Luce
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Life Magazine 1936
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H G Wells
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The Shape of Things to Come 1933
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Legacy of the Great War
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Collapse of...
the Victorian Mindset Dignity of the Individual Purposeful God Superiority of Western Civilization (tore itself apart) |
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Economic Depression of the 30s characterized by
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misery in city and country side
pessimistic economists: low growth models pessimistic politicians: coping with political instability |
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Different attitudes of intellectuals/thinkers on the eve of 1940s
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-sci fi: apocalypse looms
-historians: end to whig history (things always get better) -spengler and reactionaries: west in decline -cyclical: Toynbee (decline of west, rise of others) -marxist revival (worsening conditions will result in revolution) |
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Executive Order 9066
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evacuation of the Japanese
1942 |
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Battle of Midway
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1942
end of jap hegemony in the pacific |
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Selective Service System 1940
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first peacetime draft
created by Congress |
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The Supreme court unanimously upholds the criminal convictions of japanese citizens for curfew violations in what case and in what year?
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Hirabayashi v. United States
1943 |
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What aided corporate expansion during world war II
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-cost + contracts (govt guarantees profit, covers starting costs)
-demise of sherman anti trust act (limited size of corporations/monopolies) -business-government cooperation |
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What factors contributed to social and cultural homogenization during WWII?
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-decline of regionalism and ethnic communities
-emergence of mass media -geographical mobility |
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The united states created a unified identity during WWII primarily by...
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defining themselves in opposition to the Japanese
(if read with this side first, what did america gain by doing the above) |
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Earl Warren
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attorney general of Cali
demanded evacuation of japs later was instrumental in Brown v Board |
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General John DeWitt
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wrongly reported a 30 plane Japanese incursion over San Fran on the day after Pearl Harbor
called for the internment of aliens--stressed importance of racial identity |
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Harlan Fiske Stone
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1941 named chief justice of supreme court by FDR
Republican, presided over jap internment cases |
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Henry L Stimson
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Republican;
Secretary of War (Taft) Secretary of State (Hoover) 1940 Secretary of War (FDR) Stimson doctrine: US would not recognize territorial gains ensuing from aggression (1932 when Japan invaded Manchuria) |
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Wendell Willkie
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Republican nominee for president in 1940
supported selective service and aid to Britain after defeat to FDR, helped work towards lend-lease, UN establishment, civil rights |
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John Maynard Keynes
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Book: General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936)
in times of unemployment and deflation, massive government spending necessary to improve economy |
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Felix Frankfurter
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supreme court justice (1939)
earlier: worked under Stimson -helped found civil liberties union -supported zionist movement |
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Frank Murphy
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1940 appointed to Supreme Court
mayor of detroit, gov of michigan new deal supporter, democrat |
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Atlantic Charter
whats it about? announced in...? |
1941
promotes the sovereignty of individual nations and peaceful cooperation between states (Britain doesn't like because it wants to keep its imperial empire, Russia doesn't like because it wants a sphere of influence/control--aka poland conflict, etc) |
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Casablanca Conference
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Jan 1943
FDR and Churchil pledged that Axis states must give unconditional surrender |
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Teheran Conference
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Nov-Dec 1943
FDR Churchill Stalin: settle plans for cross-channel invasion of france Stalin agrees to help pacific war vs Japan after nazi fall all agree to UN |
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Yalta Conference
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Febr 1945
big three agree to divide Germany into four zones of occupation stalin reluctantly promises to allow democratic Polish elections (though he doesn't follow through) |
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Harry Hopkins
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FDRs personal negotiator with Britian and Russia (allows the White House to dominate foreign policy)
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Jean Darlan
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concluded armistice with the allies prior to operation torch (nov 1942)
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operation torch
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accomodation with fascists
British-American invasion of French North Africa in World War II during the North African Campaign, started November 1942. favored by british, who didn't like the idea of invading france immediately |
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operation sledgehammer
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plan to directly invade france in late 1942 (in order to relieve pressure on Russia)
UK against it, didn't have the time or massive forces ready yet |
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Normandy
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June 1944
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Henri-Philippe Petain
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French general named to head of new Vichy government when Hitler's government took over france
ruled 2/3 of france according to German dictates |
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Leo Szilard
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didn't want to use the bomb, favored international control of atomic weapons
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J Robert Oppenheimer
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left wing politics in 1930s
1942 Leslie R Groves gives him task to design atomic bomb for manhattan project |
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Leslie Groves
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military officer
headed the manhattan project after heading all military construction in US |
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Enrico Fermi
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italian
professor at columbia worked on self sustaining chain reaction for a bomb |
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Harold Urey
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Columbia U prof
gas-diffusion process for separating U235 from U238 |
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Ernest Lawrence
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Berkeley
headed electromagnetica separation project for separating U235 from U238 plants for this project located in Oak Ridge, Tenn |
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Arthur Compton
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U Chicago
supervised plutonium production at Hanford, Washington |
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Otto Han
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1938 splits radium
german physicists starts the whole drive to get the bomb before Germany |
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First a bomb (test)
where? when? what kind? |
July 16 1945
Trinity test at Los Alamogordo gun-types |
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Lublin Poles were on the side of Russia or the west
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Russia
became puppet govt in 1945 |
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Harry Truman
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took over president after FDR dies in 1945
Truman Doctrine: containment Marshall Plan only elected once: 1948 |
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Henry Agard Wallace
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ran for leftist progressive party during election of 1948, over a million votes
opposition to cold war previously had been secretary of commerce for Truman, but resigned |
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Reinhold Niebuhr
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emphasized "otherness" of god
believed faith transcended reason and was rooted in a nonrational reality wrote Nature and the Destiny of Man Faith and History |
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Dean Acheson
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Acheson Lilienthal Plan for control of atomic energy 1946
secretary of state under truman 1949053 archiect of containment strategy accused by McCarthy of being a dupe of the Communists |
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Acheson Lilienthal Plan
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1946
first call for UN supervision of "weapons of mass destruction" UN security council would make extensive power to make weapons decisions |
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James Forrestal
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first Secretary of Defense
military control of atomic weapons strengthened National Security Council persuaded George Kennen to publish "X article" (about threat of soviet union and need for containment) Truman makes him resign when he finds out that he supports dewey |
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James Byrnes
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Supreme court justice 1941-2
resigned to direct war mobilizaiton 1945-7 secretary of state under truman opposed racial integration as governor of SC |
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W Averell Harriman
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ambassador to the USSR 1943-6
stresses need for firm hand in dealing with USSR works with marshall plan |
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George Kennan
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X Article
advisor to Dean Acheson ambassador to Soviet Union, but they demanded his recall opposed vietnam war Father of Containment |
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Long Telegram (X Article)
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George Kennan wrote secretly
calls for containment of Soviet Communism |
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Andrey Zhdanov
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Communist leader, killed most likely in Stalin's purge of 1948 (the "leningrad affair")
imposed cultural controls, formed propoganda organization Cominform (opposed by Kennan) |
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Ivan Pavlov
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Pavlov's dogs
human motivation based on reward reflex |
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Trofim Lysenko
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believed that better fertilizers could improve genetics of crops (wrong)
"environmental genetics" |
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Iron Curtain speech
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1946 Churchill
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Civil War in Greece
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British leave in 1946, can't afford to support
US supports, victorious us props up non dem government--ok as long as its not communist prompts truman doctrine |
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Truman Doctrine
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1947
after |
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Stalin uses communist ideology as a weapon by using...
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Andrei Zhdanov's propoganda
Pavlov's studies on human behavior Lysenko's alternatives to genetic determinism |
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Communist take over of Czechoslovakia in 1948 showed the west that
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Communist expansion was a real threat
increased support for Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine |
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Berlin Blockade and airlift
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1948
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Point Four Program
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like the marshall plan (gives economic aid) except to poor countries like Iran, nicarauga,etc
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NATO
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april 1949
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The Jacob Arbenz example
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Guatemalan leader, democratic but with socialist/marxist tendencies by 1940s
CIA supports military coup when Arbenz secretly gets Soviet weapons |
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Masaryk
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first prez of Czechoslovakia republic
doesn't belong to any party, not a communist 1948 found dead after purge of communist officials in government |
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George Marshall
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Secretary of State 1947
inspired European Recovery Plan (Marshal plan) retired in 1949 but called back to serve as Secretary of Defense |
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Korean War
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Truman intervenes in june 1950
1951 april MacArthur fired for wanting to invade china forces "crisis of containment" when Truman chooses ideology over military strategy---very unpopular ends 1953 under eisenhower |
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Battle of Inchon
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"MacArthur's finest hour"
decisive, necessary victory for UN in Korea War |
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Syngman Rhee
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leader of South Korea after WWII
supported by West calimed right to reunify Korea wouldn't have actually had the democratic elections he promised to (us knows this but supports anyways) |
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Kim Il Sung
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North Korean chief of state 1948-94
1945 chairman of soviet-sponsored peoples committee of North Korea |
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Chiang Kai-shek
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West supported opposition leader in China
defeated US loses battle for non-soviet China |
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proposals involved in limiting Atomic warfare
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Acheson-Lilienthal initiative
Baruch proposal Gromyko Counter proposal |
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Bernard Baruch
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Baruch Plan
advisor to government on economic and mobilization issues |
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Baruch Plan
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revised Acheson-Lilienthal plan
put weapons under supervision of UN general assembly plan rejected by Soviets, Gromyko responds with un realistic counter proposal |
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Edward Teller
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most responsible for the super bomb (the Hydrogen bomb)
involved in later "star wars' (strategic defense initiative under reagan) |
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John Von Neumann
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worked on bomb development at Los Alamos
work on one of the first computers (MANIAC) that made the H bomb possible GAME THEORY ("Theory of Games and Economic Behanvior") -- base of econometrics helps instill cold war panics |
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David E Lilienthal
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chairman of US Atomic Energy Commission by Truman
champions civilian, not military control of program |
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Massive Retaliation
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nuclear strategy, 1952 by Secretary of state John Foster Dulles
By relying on a large nuclear arsenal for deterrence, President Eisenhower believed that conventional forces could be reduced while still maintaining military prestige and power and the capability to defend the western bloc. |
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Dwight Eisenhower
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president after Truman (starting 1952), defeats isolationist Robert Taft in his own party and Adalai Stevenson of the Dems
military general during WWII in 1950 organizes NATO forces settled Korean War supported massive retaliation policies of his Sec of State Dulles |
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John Foster Dulles
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Secretary of State in1953 under Eisenhower
massive retaliation defender of nationalist china, south vietnam government of Ngo Dinh Diem, US involvment in Middle east |
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Robert A Taft
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runs against truman in Repub party
wants return to isolationism, rejects Truman's aggressive foreign policy |
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NSC 162/2
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"New Look" -- foreign policy under Eistenhower
NSC 162/2 stated that the United States needs to maintain "a strong military posture, with emphasis on the capability of inflicting massive retaliatory damage by offensive striking power", and that the United States "will consider nuclear weapons as available for use as other munitions." |
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Klaus Fuchs
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manhattan project physicist who allows info to be spread to soviets
arrest right before mccarthy's speech |
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McCarran Act
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communists in the US need to register
oct 1950 |
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Soviets detonate A bomb and H bomb in...
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1949, 1953
much earlier than expected |
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Army-McCarthy hearings
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destroy McCarthy's legitimacy
1954 April-June televised |
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Joseph McCarthy
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US Senator in Wisconsin 1946
Tydings Committee investigation of subversives until 1953 1953 chair of Senate Committee on Government Operations went too far when he began to investigate communists in the army |
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Elizabeth Bentley
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American who joined the communist party after italy experience
lover to Colonol Bykov aka Jacob Golos who was a soviet secret agent was an informer for the soviets until golos' death, when she began to work for FBI |
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Whittaker Chambers
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secret agent for soviets until 1937 (dissilusioned by purges)
senior editor of Time, ardent anti-communist 1948 named Alger HIss as communist sympathizer wrote witness |
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Alger Hiss
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prominent advisor in state department
indicted for espionage after pumpkin patch documents convicted for perjury for earlier denying contact with chambers |
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Julius Rosenerg
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brother in law confesses that Julius had provided diagrams on implosion and lens mechanism for plutonium bomb in 1945
executed with wife in 1953 |
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Owen Lattimore
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advisor to president, china
accused by McCarthy after communist china wins out charges dismissed |
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Richard Nixon
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famous because of membership on House Committee on Un American activies (brought Hiss Alger debate to the table)
Vice president under Eisenhower |
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C Wright Mills
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believed that America's celebration of itself during the 1950s had vitiated the raidcal left and contributed to the absence of political dissent
didn't believe that american society could effect meaningful reforms student activists in 1960s find a leader in C Wright Mills wrote: The Power Elite |
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Richard Hofstadter
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"PRAGMATIC CONSENSUS"
Columbia history; sought to view american history through a psychological perspective wrote: Social Darwinism in American Thought, Age of Reform objects to anti-intellectualism, unthinking dogmatism pro-New Deal, anti-progressive, populist |
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Benjamin Spock
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"Baby and Child Care" 1946
training children to conform bible of mothers and domestic life |
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David Riesman
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The Lonely Crowd 1950
other directed man dominates inner directed man (self motivated) though it seems like consensus, really there is profound isolationist feelings among individuals (society not as homogenous as it wasnts to be) |
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William H Whyte Jr
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wrote: The Organization Man 1956
emphasized how white collar organization/hierarchy had become the dominating personality of society (rather than blue collar hard work,etc) |
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Daniel Bell
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The end of ideology
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Warren court instructs federal courts to implement desegration _______
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with all deliberate speed
1955 |
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WEB DuBois
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helped found he NAACP
sought civil and political equality |
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Thurgood Marshall
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black lawyer in Brown v Board Case
argued that seperate educational facilities were inherently unequal first black supreme court justice |
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Orval Faubus
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gov of Arkansas
called national guard in order to prevent desegregation closed schools 1958-9 |
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MLK Jr
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1955-6 Bus Boycott brings him to fame
Founded South Christian Leadership Conference 1957-65 demonstrations in south 1964 nobel peace price assassinated 1968 CORE congress of racial equality |
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Roy Wilkins
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head of NAACP, advocated racial change through judicial intervention
succeeded Du Bois as editor of NAACP's "Crisis" magazine |
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James Meredith
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first black student to attend ole miss 1962 (U mississippi)
leads to riots where many die, fed troops have to come 1966 solitary "March against fear through deep south" |
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Stokeley Carmichael
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SNCC
advocate of Black Power after Meredith was shot official in Black Panther party later moves to Guinea in africa |
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Lunch counter sit ins begin in
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1960
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Voting Rights Act
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1965
outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans |
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Freedom Riders
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1961
Civil Rights activists who rode on interstate buses into the segregated southern United States protesting 1960 Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia which upheld |
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Birmingham bombing
Letter From Birmingham Jail I have a dream speech |
1963
MLK Jr |
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James Baldwin
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Fire Next time
1963 |
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By 1964 only ___% of black students in the south attend school with whites
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1% of students integrated
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