Cariology - Fluoridation History

Front 1

What three things (the 4th is TIME) are general factors that lead to caries?

Back 1

bacteria, carbohydrates, tooth

Front 2

Flouride is (positively, negatively) charged and binds with (positively, negatively)

Back 2

negatively, positively

Front 3

What two countries was fluoride used in dental care in the late 1800s?

Back 3

England, Germany

Front 4

True or False, there is no natrual fluoride in any water supply

Back 4

False!!! There is, but we enhance it

Front 5

Which of these is the most cost-effective way to deliver fluoride to communities? (water supply, dental office, toothpaste, fluoride pills)

Back 5

water supply

Front 6

True or False, in the early 1900's, it was mainly poor people that got caries

Back 6

False! It was the rich because they had access to sugar

Front 7

"Colorado Brown Stain" is caused by what?

Back 7

overfluoridation of water

Front 8

Who was the Dr that established the hygiene unit at HIN to study fluoride and mottled enamel

Back 8

Dr. H Trendley Dean

Front 9

What year did Dr. H Trendly Dean first propose adding fluoride to community drinking water supply?

Back 9

1938

Front 10

In what year did Dr. H Trendly Dean conduct experiements that documented prevalence of fluorosis in the U.S.?

Back 10

1942

Front 11

Very mild fluorosis covers what % of the teeth?

Back 11

< or = to 25%

Front 12

Mild fluorosis covers what % of the teeth?

Back 12

26 to 50%

Front 13

Moderate fluorosis covers how much of the surfaces in what color of staining?

Back 13

all surfaces, brown

Front 14

Severe fluorosis can be described how?

Back 14

pitting of enamel, widespread brown stains, and a corroded appearance

Front 15

What was the first city to add fluoride to water supply?

Back 15

Grand Rapids, MI

Front 16

In 1962, the first recommendation was made that flouride levels should be at what in ppm?

Back 16

.7 to 1.2ppm

Front 17

True or False, it is recommended that fluoride levels be lower in warmer environments.

Back 17

True, people here drink more water so you don't want to overload them with fluoride

Front 18

ppm = ??/L

Back 18

mg

Front 19

What three things make fluoride good for tooth health?

Back 19

Inhibiting demineralization, inhibiting bacterial growth, enhance remineralization

Front 20

What was the study that first linked carbohydrates to tooth decay?

Back 20

hopewood house study

Front 21

What was the study that showed in-between meal snacking was a big cause of decay?

Back 21

vipholm study

Front 22

True or False, it is better to eat a bunch of candy all at once than to eat it over an extended period of time

Back 22

True.

Front 23

For every $1 spent on fluoridation, about $?? Is saved in dental expenses

Back 23

$38

Front 24

True or False, fluoridation of water is a national mandate.

Back 24

False, controlled locally

Front 25

True or False, initial costs to fluoridate are big but it pays off later

Back 25

True.

Front 26

The best recommendation is to not snack between meals, brush ? Times a day, floss ? Times a day, see a dentist every ? Months

Back 26

3, 1 to 2, 6

Front 27

What is the MAX level (in ppm or mg/L) of fluoride allowed by the EPA?

Back 27

4

Front 28

The EPA max allowed level is 4ppm fluoride in water, but what do they suggest as an upper limit?

Back 28

2ppm

Front 29

According to a 2006 statement by the CDC, how many americans fall in the optimal fluoridation range?

Back 29

170 million

Front 30

What is the optimal fluoritation range?

Back 30

.7 to 1.2 ppm

Front 31

The EPA estimates that how many people receive fluoride equal to or exceding 4mg/L?

Back 31

220,000

Front 32

What is the main risk that the CDC cited when consuming excess fluoride other than staining?

Back 32

increased risk of bone fractures

Front 33

True or False, the NRC (national research council) and the CDC agree on the optimal fluoridation range

Back 33

True.

Front 34

What is the benefit of knowing a patient's water supply fluoride levels?

Back 34

You'll know what kind of fluoride prescription to write them if they need one at all.

Front 35

True or False, some areas are within the suggested fluoride range without having to add to their water supply

Back 35

True.

Front 36

What is a main problem in talking about "risk" or "harm" with fluoride?

Back 36

Differing opinions on what exactly constitutes harm or risk

Front 37

True or False, all bottled water is specifically adjusted to fall within the recommended fluoride range.

Back 37

False. Bottled water is not all the same and infact, some brands are not consistent themselves!

Front 38

When does a bottled water company not have to list ingredients on their water?

Back 38

if it meets EPA standards AND nothing is added

Front 39

In the bottled water study, how many different brands were tested?

Back 39

5, evian, aquafina, Mt. Valley, ozarka, and dannon

Front 40

In the water bottle study, how many brands made it to .7ppm fluoride concentration?

Back 40

none!

Front 41

Out of the 5 brands tested in the water bottle study, how many varied significantly in fluoride concentration within their own brand?

Back 41

3 out of 5

Front 42

What does OKC set their fluoride levels at?

Back 42

.8 mg/L

Front 43

What is the main obsticle when trying to determine a fluoride prescription for bottled water drinkers?

Back 43

Bottled water fluoride varies so much that you won't know if you are overdosing your patient on fluoride

Front 44

Federal law pertaining to bottled water does 3 things. Which of these is NOT true? (sets maximum level of fluoride that can be added, sets maximum level of natural fluoride, sents a minimum level of fluoride)

Back 44

sets a minimum level of fluoride is NOT true… the law says nothing about a minimum amount of fluoride, just maximum

Front 45

True or False, at this point, bottled water labeling must list all trace elements

Back 45

False, does not have to list elements that do not impact final product

Front 46

Of the 3 products that varied widely, how many were so different that they would actually require different fluoride prescriptions?

Back 46

2 of those 3

Front 47

What is the "rule of thumb" for filters and fluoride removal?

Back 47

Below the counter takes out fluoride, above the counter does not!

Front 48

What was the ADA's suggestion in 2003 on how to test carbon water filters?

Back 48

each should be done individually

Front 49

From 1991 - 2003, 5 studies were done on above counter water filters, and overall what were the results?

Back 49

inconclusive because early studies showed fluoride reduction while some later (more recent) ones do not

Front 50

In the updated above the counter pitcher study, what was the result?

Back 50

No difference in filters and filters did not take out fluoride significantly