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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sudden attack of involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations
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convulsion
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abnormal central nervous system electrical activity
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seizure
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a group of recurrent disorders of cerebral function characterized by both seizures and convulsions
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epilepsy
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the excitatory neurotransmitter
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glutamate
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the inhibitory neurotransmitter
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GABA
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What are the two categories of seizures?
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1. partial (focal) seizures
2. generalized (total) seizures |
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The key feature of this catagory of seizures is that there is no loss of consciousness.
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partial seizures
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excessive electrical activity in one cerebral hemisphere (affects only one part of the body)
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partial seizures
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-excessive electrical activity in both cerebral hemispheres
-usually affects the whole body -loss of consciousness is common |
generalized seizures
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types of generalized seizures
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1. myotonic
2. atonic 3. tonic 4. clonic 5. tonic-clonic (grand mal) 6. absence (petite mal) 7. Lenox-Glaustaut syndrome 8. status epilepticus |
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What is the therapeutic intervention for tonic-clonic seizures?
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lorazepam injection
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true or false:
seizures are not usually life threatening |
true
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true or false:
The brain almost always stops the seizure on its own. |
true
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true or false:
The first step in treatment is to try and find the cause. |
true
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true or false:
Therapy is aimed at control. |
true
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true or false:
The type of seizure determines the choice of drug. |
true
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What are the 3 mechanisms of action for anticonvulsants?
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1. inhibition of voltage gated Na+ channels to slow nerve firing
2. enhancement of the inhibitory effects of GABA 3. inhibition of the calcium channels |
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What are the main side effects for all anticonvulsants?
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- CNS effects
- GI effects - rash - fetal abnormalities/birth defects |
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What are the Na+ channel blockers?
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1. phenytoin
2. carbamzepine 3. oxcarbzepine 4. valproic acid 5. lamotrigine 6. topiramate 7. zonisamide 8. lidocaine |
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What are the enhancement of GABA inhibition drugs?
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-barbiturates
(mainly phenobarbital and primidone) -benzodiazepines -tiagabine |
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What are the calcium channel blockers?
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1. ethosuximide
2. gabapentin 3. pregabalin |
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What are the other/unknown MOA drugs for anticonvulsants?
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1. levetiracetam
2. magnesium chloride 3. paraldehyde |
