Care Of Neonates Theriogenology

Front 1

What triggers breathing when the fetus is expelled from the birth canal?

Back 1

In response to the temperature and environment the CNS triggers breathing

Front 2

At birth the lungs are filled with fluid and are not inflated. How do the lungs become functional after birth?

Back 2

-fetal catecholamines reduce fluid secretion
-thorax compression expels lung fluid

Front 3

Why do we have to remove fluid from the fetus' lungs and mouth during a C-section but not natural birth?

Back 3

because with a C section the thorax of the fetus isn't compressed like with natural birth

Front 4

What 3 things must happen in the lungs for the fetus to be able to take its first breath?

Back 4

1) Reduced pulmonary vascular resistance
-as lungs expand capillary beds expand= reduced resistance
2) Increased alveolar surface area
3) More surfactant is expressed into alveoli to prevent atelectasis

Front 5

What are 4 adaptations the fetus must make to survive extrauterine life?

Back 5

1) Breathing
2) Blood flow
3) Nutrition
4) Temperature homeostasis

Front 6

What makes placental blood flow reduce after parturition?

Back 6

As blood flows the through the lungs it becomes oxygenated, returns to the left heart, exits aorta and enters umbilical arteries and they constrict reducing placental blood flow

Front 7

What causes closure of the foramen ovale after birth?

Back 7

Pulmonary blood flow increases and so does the left atrial pressure which closes the foramen ovale

Front 8

What causes constriction of the dustus arteriosus?

Back 8

Blood flow through the ductus arteriosus reduces and oxygenated blood in the aorta causes it to constric

Front 9

What severs the umbilical cord during natural birth?

Back 9

Either by mom or fetus standing up or chewing through it

Front 10

When adapting to extrauterine life a baby transitions from a continuous energy source to _______.

Back 10

intermittent feeding

Front 11

Why is it important for neonates to nurse frequently?

Back 11

Have minimal fat stores so become quickly hypoglycemic ---> hypothermia--> lose ability to nurse---> a terrible circle until they die

Front 12

What are 4 reasons you have to make sure to keep a neonate warm?

Back 12

1) Born wet with a large surface are
2) very little insulation
3) inability to shiver
4) High water content

Front 13

What are 3 mechanisms that neonates used to preserve core body temperatures?

Back 13

1) Non-muscular thermogenesis (brown fat)
2) Curl up
3) Vasoconstriction of skin circulation
-why they're cold to touch

Front 14

How is brown fat used for energy?

Back 14

Loaded with mitochondria = metabolically hyperactive
-beta oxidation of lipids --> thermal energy + glucose

Front 15

What 6 things do all newborns need?

Back 15

1) Warm microenvironment
2) Dry off
3) Nourishment
4) Clear airway
5) Freedom from overwhelming infectious organisms
-oral, umbilical stump
6) Protection from trauma
-mommas can crush baby

Front 16

What should a dam (dog)/ queen usually do to resuscitate their newborn? (3)

Back 16

1) Licks off fetal membranes
2) bites off umbilical cord
3) Lick newborn to stimulate it and move it close to stay warm

Front 17

How long should you wait to intervene when a dam/ queen is showing no interest in her babies?

Back 17

30-60 secs

Front 18

What are the 4 things you do when a dam or queen has a baby and doesn't show interest after 30-60 seconds?

Back 18

1) Wipe neonate with a warm towel and clear nose and mouth
2) Use DeLee's mucus trap on nostrils and mouth
3) DO NOT SWING PUPS OR KITTENS
4) clamp cord 1/4" from body wall then tie off

Front 19

What should you do if the dam is savaging the pups? (4)

Back 19

1) Tranquilize the dam
2) Use placental fluid and rub on puppy
3) oxytocin
4) dog appeasing pheromone

Front 20

Where should you put pups after stimulating them?

Back 20

Small vented box w/ a Snuggle Safe
-mother should be able to see and hear her pups

Front 21

If a puppy/ kitten isn't responding to rubbing, suctioning or stimulation in 30-60 sec what should you do?

Back 21

-suction airway again
-provide oxygen via tight face mask at high flow (intubate if not effective in 3-5 min (2 mm tube or iv cath in trachea))

Front 22

What can be done that's referred to extensive resuscitation of puppies/kittens?

Back 22

1) -Jen chung GV26 stimulation w/ 25 g needle clockwise (stimulates respiration)
2) chest compressions
3) epinephrine (interosseous or IV)

Front 23

What temperature do you want to keep pups/kittens when they're new borns?

Back 23

86-90 F and 55-60% humidity

Front 24

In puppies and kittens suckling stimulates discharge of ________.

Back 24

Meconium

Front 25

Why is colostrum so important in puppies and kittens?

Back 25

Only a very small amount of IgG is transferred across the placenta

Front 26

Puppies must receive adequate colostrum so what are 2 things that you can do if a puppy can't/won't nurse?

Back 26

-Give maternal serum orally within 12 hour
-Can give fresh frozen plasma SQ later (HemoPet)

Front 27

What are 3 things you can do in a dam (dog) to that has inadequate milk production?

Back 27

1) Microdoses of oxytocin
-can drip on mother’s nose or give SQ, sitmulates myoepithelial cells in mammary gland to contract and inhibits prolactin inhibiting factory-->increased prolactin--> lactogenesis
2) Metaclopramide or domperidone orally
-dopamine inhibitors which increaes prolactin
3) Acupuncture L14 and SI1

Front 28

How often should you weigh a newborn small animal? How much should they gain?

Back 28

At birth then twice a day
-may lose some wt first 24 h (not >10%)
-should gain 5-10% daily after that

Front 29

In a neonate its weight should double by day _____.

Back 29

10

Front 30

What can you do if a puppy/kitten needs supplemental feeding?

Back 30

-esbilac, Kitten milk replacement
-bottle or tube feed
-stimulate to defecate/urinate (take a cotton ball and rub under tail)

Front 31

When observing newborn kids and lambs from a distance on the day of birth, what are six things you should look for?

Back 31

1) Has the placenta been removed from the face?
2) Is the kid/ lamb moving?
3) Is the kid/ lamb breathing?
4) Is the kid/ lamb trying to stand?
5) Is the kid/ lamb nursing/ trying to nurse?
6) Is there meconium staining?

Front 32

What is the significance of meconium staining on a new born lamb/ kid?

Back 32

Meconium is a dark green fecal material that accumulates in the fetal intestine
-sphincters release meconium during the birthing process if neonate becomes hypoxic, so when see this staining the fetus was hypoxic- sets up for issues like dumby foals that can't nurse etc

Front 33

Lamb survival rate is correlated with _________.

Back 33

Weight

Front 34

What happens to the fetus when there's poor nutrition in lambs during early pregnancy?

Back 34

Small lamb is born

Front 35

About how much should a newborn single lamb weight? Twins? Triplets? Which has the lowest survival rate?

Back 35

Single: 12-15 lbs
Twin: 11-13 lbs
Triplets < 9 lbs
-*triplets lowest survival rate bc are lowest body weight

Front 36

What are the first three things you should check on a newborn lamb or kid?

Back 36

Clear airway
Check breathing
Inspect navel

Front 37

Why do we strip the teats of of ewes and does after parturition? How do we strip the teats?

Back 37

Because when the dams aren't lactating they can get a keratin plug in the streak canal- so sometimes the lambs can't suck hard enough to remove the plug so we have to squirt and remove it

Front 38

Why is colostrum intake so important in new born lambs and kids?

Back 38

Provides antibodies and energy

Front 39

When should newborn lambs and kids start nursing?

Back 39

within 30-60 minutes

Front 40

How much weight should newborn small animals gain in the first two hours? first 24 hours?

Back 40

first 2 hrs: 5% BW
First 24 hours: 20% BW

Front 41

Why do you always heat colostrum (say using cow or goat colostrum) before giving it to newborn lambs and kids?

Back 41

To prevent CAE/ OPP transmission

Front 42

Why do we put the dam and the newborn lambs/ kids in a claiming pen?

Back 42

forces the mother to stay with the babies and make sure babies and momma bonds

Front 43

What injection do most people give to newborn lambs and kids?

Back 43

Selenium (BoSe)

Front 44

When should a newborn kid breathe?

Back 44

Within 30-60 seconds
-rub head and chest with a dry towel

Front 45

What are 3 things you can do if a newborn kid isn't breathing within 30-60 seconds?

Back 45

1) Provide oxygen
2) Jen Chung GV26- 20 g needle
3) Apply chest compressions

Front 46

Explain the 4 steps to performing artificial respiration for a newborn kid?

Back 46

-pass a stomach tube to mid-neck region
-Pinch off esophagus just below where you feel the end of the tube
-close kid's mouth and nose
-Blow into tube to inflate lungs (air flows up esophagus and down windpipes)

Front 47

What should you do in valuable kids at 18-24 hours after birth?

Back 47

Have serum IgG measured to see if passive transfer was adequate

Front 48

Why do you have to make sure not to overdose newborn kids with selenium?

Back 48

Worry about them convulsing
-give small kids 1/4 cc BoSe
-large kids 1/2 cc BoSe

Front 49

How long is frozen colustrum good for?

Back 49

up to a year
- put in 25-500 mL aloquots
-can use ice cube trays or zip lock bags

Front 50

What can you do if a newborn dam can't nurse from the dam and there's no goat colostrum around?

Back 50

Can use sheep or cow colostrum in a pinch
**colostrum substitutes do not work for goats

Front 51

How do you feed a kid colostrum? How much do you feed?

Back 51

Pass stomach tube
-feed 50 mL/kg within two hours or just give 2 oz every 2 hours until nursing

Front 52

How should you thaw frozen colostrum and why?

Back 52

Thaw at just above room temperature
- if microwave colostrum then it denatures the proteins

Front 53

What are 4 causes of starvation in new borns?

Back 53

1) No milk
2) Mastitis
3) too many babies
4) Poor mothering

Front 54

When will you start to notice signs that a newborn baby is starving? What are the signs?

Back 54

Over 5 hours old
-head down
-can't hold head up
-weak
-arched back
-temp below 98 F

Front 55

What is the treatment for a starving newborn?

Back 55

Warmth
Feed
Careful observation

Front 56

How much milk do lambs need per day?

Back 56

10 lb lamb needs a quart of milk per day

Front 57

What is the downhill spiral of starving newborns?

Back 57

Malnutrition--> hypoglycemia & lack of energy---> cold, weak, can't nurse--> malnutrition

Front 58

What can you give to a cold, weak kid to provide some energy?

Back 58

-Administer glucose intraperitoneal (2 parts 50% glucose and 3 parts sterile water, mix and warm)
-tube w/ colostrum
-retreat in 4 h if not nursing

Front 59

How often should you check the temp of a cold, weak kid?

Back 59

Every 5-10 min
-can use heat lamp, hair dryer
-place in heat box til 102 degrees
-if temp is below 98 immerse in 102 degree water

Front 60

What can you do if the umbilicus doesn't spontaneously break at ~5 cm from the body wall when the foal or mare attempts to rise?

Back 60

Break (NOT cut) manually- wear gloves
-dip cord in chlorhexidine

Front 61

When should a newborn foal nurse? What should you do if they don't?

Back 61

Within 2-3 hours
-if not give colostrum via bottle or tube

Front 62

What should you do if a newborn foal has not defecated within 4 hours? Why?

Back 62

Enema to reduce discomfort of meconium passage

Front 63

When do you perform the initial exam of a newborn foal? What all should you look at?

Back 63

Usually within first few hours
-evaluate general condition, strength, mental status, ability to nurse
-observe for normal urination, defecation
-walk foal walk and obeserve confirmation
-auscultate heart and lungs - check for functional ribs
-palpate umbilicus

Front 64

What should you look for if a foal is not urinating or defecating?

Back 64

Ruptured bladder
Dried meconium

Front 65

what should you do in a new born foal if its been more than 8 hours since it sucked?

Back 65

Check IgG

Front 66

Why do you examine the eyes in a newborn foal?

Back 66

Check for cataracts

Front 67

What is the normal temp of a newborn foal? HR? RR?

Back 67

Temp: 99-102 F
HR: 80-130 b/ min
RR: 60-80 b/ min -usually slows down by second day
CRT < 1 sec

Front 68

What do you need to examine the mare's udder for after foaling?

Back 68

waxing: colostrum that conjeals as it begins to drip

Front 69

Should you steer a newborn foal to the dam's udder? Why or why not?

Back 69

No, avoid this- give it time to explore for ~2 hours
-seems to upset mare and foal

Front 70

What can you do if it's been over 2 hours and a foal still hasn't nursed?

Back 70

-May need to help foal find nipple or tranquilize mare
-milk some colostrum on to your fingers and put into foal's mouth to encourage nursing behavior then move fingers to teat

Front 71

________should be given to newborn foals if the dam is unvaccinated?

Back 71

Tetanus Anti-Toxin

Front 72

What are the 3 steps to resuscitating a compromised foal?

Back 72

1) Clear the airway
-remove membranes & debris from nostrils
2) Ventilate
3) Circulation
-chest compressions
-after 2 min no breath= epi

Front 73

What are 2 ways to provide ventilation for newborn foals?

Back 73

Mouth to nose
Mask to nose

Front 74

what are the 4 steps in taking care of newborn calves?

Back 74

1) Dry calf off w/ towels or straw
2) Leave calf near rear-parts of mother
3) Check cow's udder for milk flow- don't get kicked!
4) Turn mother loose
-if mother has a heifer keep her confined until she has bonded w/ her calf

Front 75

How long should you wait before tubing or bottling feed colostrum to a calf that won't nurse?

Back 75

1 hour

Front 76

What should you do if a calf is not breathing within 30 seconds of birth?

Back 76

-clear mucus from nose and mouth
- pour cold water on head
-tickle inside of nostrils

Front 77

What should you do if a cow does not lick its calf?

Back 77

Rub it with a dry towel

Front 78

What is "weak calf syndrome"

Back 78

Weak, slow, unable to rise or nurse
-dummy calves

Front 79

What are 8 causes of "dummy" calves?

Back 79

1) Bad weather (cold and/or wet) resulting in hypothermia
2) Poor nutrition for cows in late gestation (thin cows)
3) BVD infection
4) Calf involved in a dystocia (difficult calving)
5) White muscle disease
-selenium deficiency
6) Leptospirosis
7) Trauma to the calf
-being stepped or laid upon
8) Age of the cow
-higher incidence in calves born to heifers and very old cows

Front 80

What are 2 ways to identify weak calves?

Back 80

1) all calves should get up and nurse within one hour of birth
2) A calf born with brown to yellow staining of the haircoat (meconium) indicates calf was likely stressed during birth
-dry off w/ towels and warming in a hotbox or w/ calf blanket

Front 81

What do you dip newborn calf navels into?

Back 81

7% tincture of iodine
-tincture= alcohol= dries off good

Front 82

How much colostrum should a newborn calf get within the 2 hours of birth?

Back 82

1 gall of colostrum
-warm colostrum is best
-colostrum supplement helpful

Front 83

What are the 8 things that should be done to a newborn calf (day 1)?

Back 83

1) Identify calf & record
2) Dip navel
-7% iodine
3) Check temperature
-warm calf if less than 100F
4) Look over calf
5) Check for meconium staining
6) Oral vaccines BEFORE colostrum
7) BoSe injection
8) Determine if calf has sucked

Front 84

What are the 3 basic requirements of a new born pig?

Back 84

1) Good environment
2) Adequate and regular nutrition
3) Safety from disease and crushing

Front 85

What are the 4 things to evaluate on a newborn baby pig?

Back 85

1) Was gestation full term?
2) Is amniotic fluid or meconium stained?
3) Pig trying to breathe
4) Pig moving w/ good strength
-*if yes to all 4 leave the piglet alone!

Front 86

What should you do if a piglet is gasping or not breathing? (4)

Back 86

-Supplement oxygen if gums are purple but piglet is breathing
-give mouth to snout if not breathing
-administer dopram (under tongue or inject into base of tongue)
-stimulate breathing by placing 20 g needle into base of snout

Front 87

After resuscitating a baby pig it should be reavluated every 30 seconds. What are 4 ways to evaluate the pig?

Back 87

1) Respiration
2) Heart rate and strength
3) Mucous membrane color
4) Temperature

Front 88

How should you warm a chilled piglet?

Back 88

-dry pig thoroughly
-heat lamp
-heat pad
-wrap in towels
-hold close to your body
-wrap in saran wrap and place under heat lamp
-DO NOT OVER HEAT

Front 89

What should you do if a baby pig has a low heart rate but is breathing?

Back 89

-Apply chest compressions (90/ min) to chest behind elbows
-mouth to snout every 2-3 seconds

Front 90

65% of all post-farrowing deaths occur in the first ____ days of life.

Back 90

4
-42% are from crushing

Front 91

Why is it important to disinfect the farrowing area for pigs?

Back 91

Baby pigs are born immunologically 'naked'
-make sure they get colostrum

Front 92

Why is it really important to provide heat and eliminate drafts for piglets?

Back 92

Baby pigs have very little body fat

Front 93

What can you do with a weak pig to make sure it doesn't get crushed by the sow?

Back 93

Move them away until stronger
-creep areas on both sides of the sow keeps pig out of the danger zone

Front 94

What temperature should newborn piglets be kept at?

Back 94

90 degrees F
-lighter, small pigs need extra attention: heated creep boxes, carpet, deep shavings

Front 95

What should be used to disinfect piglet navels?

Back 95

Tincture of iodine

Front 96

What can you do to equalize the litter size of sows?

Back 96

If several sows are farrowing within a 24 hour period, pigs can be transferred successfully from one sow to another
-transfer bigger pigs not runts
-best results if transferred first 3 days of life and received colostrum before transfer

Front 97

What are 6 procedures that should be performed on piglets the day after birth?

Back 97

1) Clip needle teeth
-so pigs don't fight or traumatize udder
2) Dock tails
3) Iron shots
-if raised on concrete
4) Ear notch
5) Castrate
6) Light weight pigs- give additional 15 cc replacer every 12 h for 7 days

Front 98

How can you tell if a piglet is getting enough food?

Back 98

How to determine exactly how much they're getting
-piglets that are hungry are not as content, will act hungry, or may be lethargic if they have been hungry for too long

Front 99

What are te 3 pieces of equipment needed to tube feed a pig?

Back 99

1) Colostrum
-any specie but pig is best
2) Rubber tube
3) Syringe (20 mL)
-Easy to do!