Cards For Test I Pathophysiology I

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CELL MEMBRANE

Back 1

Phospholipid Bilayer embedded with proteins
Selectively permeable
Contains: Polyunsaturated fatty acids, lecithin, cholesterol, vitamin E, transferases (protein carriers)
Nickname: Doorkeeper of the cell
Functions: controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell. Holds the cells together

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CYTOPLASM

Back 2

Protoplasm which lies between cell membrane and nucleus
Has cytoskeleton, a network of threadlike and tubelike structures which contribute strength and shape to cell and anchors the organelles
Is a colloidal suspension of water (80%), protein (15%), lipids (3%), carbs (1%) and electrolytes (1%)

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MITOCHONDRION

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Rod shaped, double-membraned organelle packed with enzymes.
Site of Kreb cycle and electron transport chain.
Nickname: Powerplant
Function: Cellular respiration
Energy nutrients are oxidized, and the energy released is used to make ATP.
Glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + Energy
ADP + P + Energy --> ATP
The energy stored in ATP is then used to power the cellular processes.
ATP --> ADP + P + Energy

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RIBOSOME

Back 4

Granule consisting of rRNA and protein
Free ribosomes in cytoplasm synthesize proteins for use inside cell.
Nickname: Protein factory
Function: Protein synthesis (mRNA serves as the template)

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Back 5

Consists of membranes which form an internal transport system.
Nickname: Assembly line and transportation system
Functions: Synthesis and transport of cellular products. Smooth ER synthesizes phospholipids, steroids, and fatty acids
Rough ER are stubbed with ribosomes which synthesize proteins for export from cell.

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GOLGI BODY

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Consists of flattened sacs enclosed by membranes.
Nickname: Packing and distribution center.
Functions: Storage, modification, and packaging of secretory products
Formation of glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and lysosomes

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LYSOSOMES

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Organelles containing digestive enzymes which breakdown carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Nickname: Suicide bag
Functions: Digestion of old cellular components and worn out cells. Digestion of foreign particles or bacteria that may enter the cell

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NUCLEUS

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Nickname: Control center of the cell
Functions: Storehouse for genetic information which is vital to cell division and protein synthesis. Replication of DNA during cell division. Transcription of the genetic information into mRNA which is translated into cellular protein in the ribosome.
Consists of: Nuclear membrane which is full of pores. Nucleoplasm (protoplasm of nucleus) Nucleolus (Dense area in nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and the ribosomes are assembled) Chromosomes which consist of genes. Gene is a segment of DNA which codes for a specific protein.

Front 9

ENZYME

Back 9

Is a protein catalyst which facilitates a biochemical reaction and is not destroyed in the process. Provides a surface on which other molecules fit into place and react with one another. Facilitates the making and breaking of chemical bonds.

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DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

Back 10

classified according to the nutrient upon which they act
Lipids - lipases
Protein - proteases
Starch - amylase
Sucrose - sucrase
suffix ase

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

Back 11

FUNCTION Passive transport
LOCATION Lining of: body cavities (mesothelium = serous membranes), CV and lymphatic vessels (endothelium), lung alveoli

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

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FUNCTION Active transport (secretion and absorption)
LOCATION: Lines ducts and tubules of organs. Forms germinal epithelium of ovary and siminiferous tubules of testes.

Front 13

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
SIMPLE COMLUNAR

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FUNCTION: Active transport. (secretion and absorption)
LOCATION: Lining of: digestive tube from lower esophagus to rectum, many glands and ducts

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL AKA TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

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FUNCTION: Protective lining of ducts; Ability to stretch
LOCATION: Lining of: ducts of sweat glands, testes tubules, LIning of: ureters and bladder

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR

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FUNCTION: lines ducts
LOCATION: Not common. Lining of: salivary gland ducts, pharynx, larynx

Front 16

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR

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FUNCTION: Generally ciliated, can move material via cilia action
LOCATION: Lining of: trachea, bronchi, some of male and female urethra

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LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
RETICULAR

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FUNCTION: Holds shape of organ, filters body fluids
LOCATION: Stroma of soft organs: spleen, liver, kidney. Also marrow cavity, termed reticulo-endothelial tissue

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LOOSE C.T.
AREOLAR

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FUNCTION: Support, packing material
LOCATION: In all parts of body, between functional organs

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LOOSE C.T.
ADIPOSE

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FUNCTION: support, protection, energy, insulation
LOCATION; Around organs and in fat pads of: breasts, thighs, buttocks, abdomen

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DENSE C.T.
REGULAR

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FUNCTION: Parallel arrangement of fibers provides unidirectional strength
LOCATION: Tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis

Front 21

DENSE C.T.
IRREGULAR

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FUNCTION: Irregular nature of fibers provides strengh in all directions of stress
LOCATION: Fascia, organs: capsules, septa, sheaths

Front 22

SPECIAL C.T.
BONE DENSE CANCELLOUS

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FUNCTION: Protection, support. Hemopoiesis, reticuloendothelial activity
LOCATION: Skeleton Marrow cavity

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SPECIAL C.T.
CARTILAGE HYALINE

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FUNCTION; Smooth articulation surface, support, protection
LOCATION; Epiphysis of bones, fetal skeleton, trachael rings

Front 24

SPECIAL C.T.
ELASTIC

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FUNCTION; Support, flexibility
LOCATION: External ear, epiglottis

Front 25

SPECIAL C.T.
FIBROUS

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FUNCTION; Support, strength
LOCATION; Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Front 26

SPECIAL C.T.
BLOOD

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FUNCTION: Transport of O2 and CO2, combat of foreign proteins, aid in clotting
LOCATION; Produced in hemopoietic tissues of cancellous bone and reticuloendothelial tissues of the body

Front 27

SPECIAL C.T.
TEETH

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FUNCTION; (of both c.t. origin)
LOCATION: tissues and epithelial

Front 28

SPECIAL C.T.
DENTIN

Back 28

FUNCTION; Forms the inner substance of teeth
LOCATION: Within tooth structures

Front 29

SPECIAL C.T.
ENAMEL

Back 29

FUNCTION: Highly specialized epithelial product prevents wear
LOCATION: Forms outer tooth covering

Front 30

SPECIAL C.T.
CEMENTUM

Back 30

FUNCTION: "Cement" to hold tooth in bone
LOCATION: Between bone and tooth

Front 31

STRIATED SKELETAL MUSCLE

Back 31

FUNCTION: Voluntary innervation, all cells contract
LOCATION: Attached to skeletal components

Front 32

SMOOTH VISCERAL MUSCLE

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FUNCTION: Involuntary innervation, cells contract and transmit impulses
LOCATION: Wall of hollow/ tubular viscera vessels, iris of the eye

Front 33

CARDIAC

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FUNCTION: Involuntary innervation, cells capable of contraction without nervous stimulation, cells can transmit impulses to adjacent cells
LOCATION: Structure of the heart

Front 34

NEURON

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FUNCTION: Transmit nervous impulses to other neurons and to target organs
LOCATION: Within the CNS and peripheral tissues

Front 35

(NEUROGLIA)
ASTROCYTES

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FUNCTION: Exert some control over circulation in nervous
LOCATION; Attached to blood vessels in CNS tissue

Front 36

(NEUROGLIA)
OLIGODENDROCYTES

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FUNCTION: Serve as: a type of c.t. within the CNS, source of myelination
LOCATION: Between neurons of the CNS and wrapped around axons in PNS

Front 37

(NEUROGLIA)
MICROGLIOCYTES

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FUNCTION: Phagocytic activity within the CNS
LOCATION: Throughout the CNS and cerebrospinal fluid

Front 38

PERCENTAGE OF BODY MASS THAT IS WATER

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60%

Front 39

TBW % FOR NORMAL LEAN AND OBESE PEOPLE

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MALE - NORMAL 60%- LEAN 70%- OBESE 50%
FEMALE NORMAL 50%- LEAN 60%- OBESE 42%
INFANT NORMAL 70%- LEAN 80%- OBESE 60%
Adipose tissue is the least hydrated tissue

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INTRACELLULAR BODY COMPARTMENT

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Largest, cannot easily modify or change composition of volumes
You can INDIRECTLY change volume by changing ECF and forcing osmosis.

Front 41

% OF B.W. AND VOLUME OF WATER PER COMPARTMENT

Back 41

ICF 40% and 28 L
ECF 20% and 14 L
interstitial (15% and 11L)
intravasc. (5% and 3 L)
Totals of ICF and ECF 60% and 42 L

Front 42

WHAT COMPOSES THE ECF

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Interstitial, intravascular, and transcellular (CSF, inside eye, pleural, peritoneal, synovial)

Front 43

INTRAVASCULAR AND INTERSTITIAL TISSUE ARE SEPARATED BY WHAT

Back 43

epithelial and endothelial cells

Front 44

WHAT IS DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE COMPOSITION OF PLASMA AND INTERSTITIAL FLUID

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Proteins are in the plasma. They help maintain balance.

Front 45

GUYTON MALE

Back 45

1.7 m, 70Kg, plasma +/- 3L, interstitial +/- 12L

Front 46

ONCOTIC PRESSURE

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Mostly albumin proteins in the plasma prevent fluid from escaping from the vessels into the interstitium

Front 47

2 IMPORTANT MECH IN THE PLASMA

Back 47

Hydrostatic pressure, and oncotic pressure

Front 48

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Back 48

Trying to force fluid out of the vessel. Result of pressure applied during systole.

Front 49

ONCOTIC PRESSURE

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Acts against hydrostatic pressure and is the result of proteins in the plasma. A.K.A colloid osmotic pressure

Front 50

WHAT HAPPENS IF BP TOO HIGH AND PROTEIN TOO LOW

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causes edema

Front 51

WHAT DOES THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM DO

Back 51

Returns to the circulation the small amounts of excess protein and fluid that leak from the blood into the interstitial spaces.

Front 52

WHAT IS THE ROUTE TO DELIVER THINGS TO THE ICF

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1- intravascular---> 2. interstitial ---> 3. cells

Front 53

WATER INTAKE AND OUTPUT BALANCE

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INTAKE- 2.5 L day--- 0.31 H2O oxidation, 0.91 food, 1.31 drink
OUTPUT- 2.5 L day---1.51 urine, 0.91 sweat, 0.11 stool

Front 54

INTAKE DEFECIT

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increases thirst

Front 55

INTAKE EXCESS

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increases urine formation

Front 56

DECREASE THE VOLUME IN ECF

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stimulates osmoreceptors in hypothalamic response center and creates thirst

Front 57

INCREASE THE VOLUME IN THE ECF

Back 57

inhibits the thirst mech

Front 58

KIDNEYS FILTER 20 L OF BLOOD A DAY

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18 L return by reabsorption
2 L by lymphatic system

Front 59

DOMINANT IONS IN ECF

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Na+, Cl-, HCO3-

Front 60

DOMINANT IONS IN ICF

Back 60

K+, phosphate, and proteins

Front 61

PRINCIPLE OF OSMOTIC NEUTRALITY

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Particular concentration and proportion of ions are different in each fluid compartment, but the sum of all ions in each compartment should be 0. Neutral

Front 62

DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTROLYTES IN ECF

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CATIONS
Na--142
K--5
Ca--5
Mg--2

ANIONS
HCO3---24
Cl---104
Phosphate --2
Proteins--16
Other -- 8

BOTH TOTAL 154

Front 63

DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTROLYTES IN ICF

Back 63

CATIONS
Na--10
K--156
Ca--4
Mg-- 26

ANIONS
HCO3--- 12
Cl---4
Phosphate---40-95
Proteins---54
Other---31-86

BOTH TOTALS AVG 196

Front 64

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

Back 64

Kinetic mvmt of molecules or ions, occurs through membrane opening without any interaction with carrier proteins

Front 65

FACILLITATED DIFFUSION

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No ATP, moves solutes in favor of <> gradient. Req a carrier. Avail. of carriers is the limiting factor

Front 66

OSMOSIS

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Different from diffusion b/c does not move particles. H20 moves from higher <> of H20 to lower <> of H20. (lower <> of solutes to higher <> solutes)

Front 67

FILTRATION

Back 67

Will move both water and solutes in favor of the pressure gradient. Area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure. EXAMPLE glomerular filtration

Front 68

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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Req a carrier. that is typically a lipoprotein that binds to a substance and transports it to the other side.
*Depends on avail of ATP and avail of carriers.
WILL ALWAYS GO AGAINST A <> GRADIENT

Front 69

BULK TRANSPORT
EXOCYTOSIS

Back 69

moves out of cell

Front 70

BULK TRANSPORT
ENDOCYTOSIS

Back 70

moves into cell

Front 71

PHAGOCYTOSIS

Back 71

moves solids (large particles)

Front 72

PINOCYTOSIS

Back 72

moves large amount of fluids ( large macromolecules)

Front 73

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

Back 73

Exact amount of pressure req to stop osmosis.
Depends on particles (<> of solution)
Expressed in osmoles not grams.

Front 74

OSMOLE

Back 74

1 GRAM molecular weight of undissociated solute

Front 75

OSMOLARITY

Back 75

I OSMOLE of solute dissolved in each liter of water

Front 76

MILLIOSMOLES

Back 76

1/1000 OSMOLE

Front 77

NORMAL OSMOLARITY OF BODY

Back 77

~300 milliosmoles

Front 78

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION APPLIED TO ECF
> 0.9% NS

Back 78

Osmolarity increases in ECF and causes water to leave the cell.

Front 79

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION ADDED TO ECF < 0.9% NS

Back 79

Osmolarity decreases and causes water to move into cell.

Front 80

NORMAL ARTERIAL pH

Back 80

7.4

Front 81

NORMAL pH VENOUS AND INTERSTITIAL BLOOD

Back 81

7.35

Front 82

MOST IMPORTANT WEAK ACIDS AND BASES IN BODY

Back 82

H2CO3 (Carbonic acid)
HCO3 (Bicarb)

Front 83

WHAT DO BUFFERS DO IN THE BODY

Back 83

Compensate by temporarily binding H+ until the problem can be corrected. Does not solve the issue.

Front 84

RANGE OF pH THAT IS COMPATIBLE WITH LIFE

Back 84

6.8-8.0

Front 85

NORMAL INTRACELLUALR pH

Back 85

6.0 - 7.4

Front 86

WHAT WILL CAUSE A DECREASED INTRACELLULAR pH

Back 86

hypoxia and poor blood flow

Front 87

NORMAL URINE pH

Back 87

4.5- 8.0

Front 88

NORMAL GASTRIC pH

Back 88

0.8

Front 89

RESP ACIDOSIS

Back 89

Decreased ventilation and increased CO2
Causes-- damage to resp center, decrease in lungs ability to eliminate CO2, obstructions in airway (pneumonia, pulm edema), diffusion problems (pulm emphysema, shock, embolism),
Compensation by buffers in body fluids
Kidneys take several days.

Front 90

RESP ALKALOSIS

Back 90

Hyperventilation
-going to high altitude,
Increased ventilation decrease CO2
Increased bicarb

Front 91

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

Back 91

Increased amount of acids in the body due to decreased kidney excretion of H+ (renal failure), Formation of excessive H+ (DKA, Lactic acidosis)
Loss of bicarb from body fluids where kidneys can't reabsorb the bicarb.
Diarrhea

Front 92

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

Back 92

increased HCO3 of ECF due to excess retention of HCO3
Increased excretion of H+ (vomiting)
too much ingestion of alkaline drugs such as NaHCO3.

Front 93

NORMAL ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS

Back 93

pH 7.35-7.45
PCO2 35-45
PO2 80-100
HCO3 22-26
BE +/- 2.5
O2 SAT >95%

Front 94

NORMAL VENOUS BLOOD GAS

Back 94

pH 7.27-7.39
PCO2 40-50
PO2 35-40
HCO3 22-26
BE +/- 2.5
O2 SAT 70-75%