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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Phylogeny |
Evolutionary history of groups of organisms |
Tree |
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Branches |
Population through time |
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Nodes |
Forks where ancestors spliy into 2> descendants |
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Tips |
Extinct/extant species |
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Sister taxa |
Groups that occupy adjacent branches linked by a node |
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Clade |
All descendants |
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Polytomy |
- >2 groups emerge from a node - star phylogeny |
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Outgroup |
Taxon diverged prior to most ancient node |
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Star phylogeny |
Adaptive radiation Rapid speciation |
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Monophyletic group |
True clade: ancestors all descendants |
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Paraphyletic group |
Common ancestor but only some descendants |
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Polyphyletic group |
Different common ancestor |
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Adaptive radiation |
Appear in phylogeny as polytomies (Star phylogeny) |
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3 mechanisms of rapid speciation |
-Colonization events: Habitat colonizes by species-quickly radiates to exploit new resources -morphological innovation: Allows new resources to be exploited -mass extinction: Remove competitors from system |
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Inputs to create phylogeny |
-fossil records -comparative Molecular biology -Molecular clock -orthologs -comparative anatomy/embryology -biogeography |
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Fossil types |
-organically preserved -compressed carbon film -casts -per mineralized (petrified wood) |
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Fossil limitation s |
-habit bias:burrowers and soft bottom -taxonomic bias: things with hard parts better fossils -temporal bias: older less likely -abundance bias |
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Caveats |
Generation times -mituation affected by selection - |
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Cladistics |
Tool for e estimating phylogeny -from: morphology/development/Molecular/behavior -creates a absence/presence matrix -shows evolution |
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Cladogram |
Phylogeny tree created by cladistics |
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Homoplasies |
Similar traits are not homologous |
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Phylogenetic inference |
Uses phylogeny to understand evolutionary history |
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