Cardiovascular Vascular System Ch. 19

Front 1

The cardiovascular system consist of?

Back 1

Blood

Heart

Blood vessels

Front 2

Blood is made of?

Back 2

Liquid connective tissue that consists of cells and cell fragments surrounded by a liquid extracellular Matrix called blood plasma.

Front 3

Blood transports what?

Back 3

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Waste

Hormones

Front 4

Blood helps regulate what?

Back 4

PH balance

Body temperature

Water content of cells

Front 5

Blood provides protection name two.

Back 5

Protection through clotting and by combating toxins and microbes.

Front 6

Name some physical characteristics of blood.

Back 6

Viscosity is greater than that of water a normal temperature is 38 degrees Celsius or 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit and the pH is said to be alkaline 7.35 to 7.45.

Front 7

How many liters of blood does the human body have circulating in the body?

Back 7

4-6 liters in adults

Front 8

Hematocrit

Back 8

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

Front 9

Blood plasma consist of mostly?

Back 9

Water

Front 10

What Principle solutes are found in blood plasma?

Back 10

Albumin ,globulins fibrinogen, nutrients , vitamins hormones, respiratory gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, electrolytes and waste products.

Front 11

Name the formed elements found in blood.

Back 11

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

White blood cells (leukocytes)

Platelets

Front 12

Hemopoiesis

Back 12

The formation of blood cells from hemopoiesis stem cells in red bone marrow.

Front 13

Myeloid stem cells

Back 13

Form red blood cells platelets granulocytes and monocytes.

Front 14

Lymphoid stem cells

Back 14

Give rise to lymphocytes

Front 15

Differentiation

Back 15

The development of a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state.

Front 16

Mature red blood cells are ------ discs that lack---- and contain------.

Back 16

Bioconcave, nucleus, hemoglobin.

Front 17

The function of hemoglobin in red blood cells is to?

Back 17

Oxygen and some carbon dioxide

Front 18

Red blood cells production is called?

Back 18

Erythropoiesis

Front 19

Erythropoiesis occurs in the?

Back 19

Red bone marrow of certain bones is stimulated by hypoxia which stimulates the release of erythropoietin by the kidneys

Front 20

White blood cells have a -------.

Back 20

Nucleus

Front 21

Name two principal types of white blood cells.

Back 21

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

Front 22

Name three granulocytes

Back 22

Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinphils

Front 23

Name two agranulocytes

Back 23

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Front 24

The general function of white blood cells is to?

Back 24

Combat inflammation and infection neutrophils and macrophages do so through phagocytosis.

Front 25

Eosinphils

Back 25

Combat the effects of histamine in allergic reactions. Destroy antigen-antibody complexes and combat parasitic worms.

Front 26

Basophils

Back 26

Liberate Heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify the inflammatory response.

Front 27

B lymphocytes

Back 27

Produce antibodies

Front 28

T lymphocytes

Back 28

Destroy foreign Invaders directly.

Front 29

Natural killer cells

Back 29

Attack infectious microbes and tumor cells.

Front 30

Platelets

Back 30

Dish shaped cell fragments that splinter from megakaryocytes.

Front 31

Platelets help stop...?

Back 31

Blood loss from damaged blood vessels by forming a platelet plug.

Front 32

Hemostasis

Back 32

The stoppage of bleeding

Front 33

Name three steps of hemostasis

Back 33

Vascular spasm platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Front 34

Coagulation

Back 34

Blood clotting

Front 35

A network of insoluble protein fibers in which formed elements of blood are trapped is called.

Back 35

A blood clot

Front 36

The chemicals involved in clotting are known as?

Back 36

Coagulation factors.

Front 37

Three stages of the blood clotting cascade.

Back 37

Formation of prothrombinace.

Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin.

Conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.

Front 38

Thrombosis

Back 38

Clotting in an unbroken blood vessel

Front 39

Embolus

Back 39

A thrombus that moves from its site of origin.

Front 40

Name the four main blood types

Back 40

A, B, AB, O

Front 41

Name two blood groups

Back 41

ABO, AND Rh group.

Front 42

ABO and Rh blood groups are genetically determined and based on?

Back 42

Antigen antibody responses

Front 43

In the ABO group the presence or absence of-------- antigens on the surface of red blood cells determines blood type.

Back 43

A&B

Front 44

Hemolytic disease

Back 44

A disease of a newborn when an Rh- mother is pregnant with an RH + fetus

Front 45

Hematocrit

Back 45

The percentage of red blood cells in the total volume of blood.

Front 46

Erythropoiesis

Back 46

Production of red blood cells

Front 47

Anemia

Back 47

Low red blood cells, less hemoglobin.

Front 48

Polycythemia

Back 48

Abnormally high red blood cells, makes blood harder to pump. Increase pressure, stroke risk.

Front 49

Major histocompatability antigen

Back 49

MHC, cell identity marker for individuals.

Front 50

Phagocytosis

Back 50

Process of ingesting bacteria and disposing of dead matter.

Carried out by neutrophils and macrophages

Front 51

Plasma proteins 3

Back 51

Albumin

Globulin

Fibrinogen

Front 52

Albumin

Back 52

Small, but most numerous. Function to maintain osmotic pressure.

Front 53

Globulins

Back 53

Large, produce immunoglobulins (antibodies) help fight infection.

Front 54

Fibrinogen

Back 54

Large function during blood clotting.

Front 55

Platelets other name

Back 55

Thrombocytes

Front 56

Erythropoiesis

Back 56

Development of red blood cells.

Front 57

Carbonic anhydrase

Back 57

Enzyme that speeds up the reaction that transports carbon dioxide.... via bicarbonate ions.

Front 58

Nitric oxide NO

Back 58

Hormone, produced by cells lining vessels, bind to hemoglobin, then cause vasodilation, increasing blood vessel diameter.

Hint 58

Viagra

Front 59

Erythropoiesis

Back 59

Production of RBC, first proerythroblast, then lose nucleus = reticulocyte, then mature red blood cells.

Front 60

Name 4 WBC

Back 60

Eosinphils

Basophils

Lymphocytes

Momocytes

Front 61

Eosinphils

Back 61

Release enzymes involved in inflammation during allergic reactions. Parasites

Front 62

Basophils

Back 62

Release substances histamine, that intensify inflammatory response involved in allergic reactions.

Front 63

Lymphocytes

Back 63

T cells, B cells, NK cells.

Front 64

Leukocytosis

Back 64

Increase in WBC, can be normal.

Front 65

Leukopenia

Back 65

Low WBCs

Front 66

Leukaemia

Back 66

Cancer in red bone marrow.

Front 67

Thrombocytopenia

Back 67

Low platelets

Front 68

Thrombocytosois

Back 68

High platelets.

Front 69

Hemostasis

Back 69

A series of events that occur to stop bleeding. Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting.

Front 70

Vascular spasm

Back 70

Occurs when arteries or arterioles are damaged it causes vasoconstriction which reduces blood loss long enough for blood clotting mechanisms to start taking action.

Front 71

Platelet plug formation name three main steps.

Back 71

Platelet adhesion

Platelet release reaction

Platelet aggregation

Front 72

Platelet adhesion

Back 72

First step of platelet plug formation, platelets make contact and stick two parts of the damaged blood vessel.

Front 73

Platelet release reaction

Back 73

Second step in platelet plug formation, platelets adhere then they become active. Platelets then release vesicle contents.

Hint 73

Vesicle contents, ADP, THROMBOXANE A2, SEROTONIN.

Front 74

Platelet aggregation

Back 74

Third step in platelet plug formation, newly arriving platelets stick to the original ones eventually this leads to the platelet plug a large accumulation of platelets.

Front 75

Fibrin threads

Back 75

The platelet plug is reinforced by fibrin threads.

Front 76

extrinsic and intrinsic pathways lead to?

Back 76

Prothrombinace formation

Front 77

Extrinsic pathway

Back 77

Involves fewer steps and can occur faster. usually revolves around trauma and severe injuries. requires outside tissue damage.

Front 78

Intrinsic pathway

Back 78

More complex and it's a slower process, activators are either in contact with blood or contained within blood.

Front 79

Common pathway

Back 79

Common pathway starts after intrinsic or extrinsic pathways produce Prothrombinace.

Front 80

Common pathway

Back 80

During the common pathway prothrombinase and calcium is converted from prothrombin to thrombin and fibrogen to fibrin.

Front 81

Clot retraction

Back 81

Tightening of the fibrin clot, pools edges of the damaged vessel closer together.

Front 82

Vitamin-k

Back 82

Essential for normal blood clotting, produced by bacteria in the large intestines, stored in the liver. Involved in the synthesis of 4 clotting factors.