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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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atrium
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upper right and left chambers of the heart
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endocardium
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membrane lining the cavities of the heart
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myocardium
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heart muscle
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pericardium
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protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between
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ventricle
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lower right and left chambers of the heart
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aortic valve
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heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta
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mitral or bicuspid valve
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heart valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
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tricuspid valve
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valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
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arteries
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vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles
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aorta
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large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle
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arterioles
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small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
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capillaries
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tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules
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venules
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small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
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veins
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vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules
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systemic circulation
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circulation of blood throughout the body through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
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coronary circulation
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circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
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pulmonary circulation
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circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein providing for the exchange of gases
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diastole
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to expand; period in the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria
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systole
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to contract; period in the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and pulmonary artery
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hypotension
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low blood pressure
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normotension
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normal blood pressure
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bundle of His
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neurological fibers, extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches, that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers
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Purkinje fibers
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fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
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polarization
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resting; resting state of a myocardial cell
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depolarization
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change of a myocardial cell from a polarized (resting) state to a state of contraction
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repolarization
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recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state
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arteriosclerosis
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thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of the arterial walls
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atherosclerosis
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buildup of fatty substances within the walls of arteries
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thrombus
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a stationary blood clot
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embolus
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a clot (e.g. air, fat, foreign object) carried in the bloodstream that obstructs when it lodges
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stenosis
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condition of narrowing of a part
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constriction
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compression of a part
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occlusion
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plugging; obstruction or a closing off
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ischemia
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to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel
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infarct
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to stuff; a localized area of necrosis (condition of tissue death) caused by ischemia as a result of occlusion of a blood vessel
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angina pectoris
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chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries
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aneurysm
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a widening; bulging of the wall of the heart, the aorta, or an artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness
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claudication
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to limp; pain in a limb (especially the calf) while walking that subsides after rest; it is caused by inadequate blood supply
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diaphoresis
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profuse sweating
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palpitation
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subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats
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vegetation
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to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally a result of an infection such as bacterial endocarditis
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arrhythmia
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any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
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bradycardia
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slow heart rate (<60 beats/min)
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fibrillation
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chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation
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flutter
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extremely rapid but regular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular flutter (typically from 250 to 350 beats/min)
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heart block
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an interference with the normal electrical conduction of the heart defined by the location of the block
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tachycardia
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fast heart rate (>100 beats/min)
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bacterial endocarditis
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a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves
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cardiac tamponade
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compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac as results from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart
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cardiomyopathy
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a general term for disease of the heart muscle
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ausculation
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a physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope
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bruit
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noise; an abnormal heart sound caused by turbulence within
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cardiac catheterization
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introduction of a flexible, narrow tube or catheter through a vein or artery into the heart to withdraw samples of blood, measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels, and inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography and cine film (motion picture) imaging of the chambers of the heart and coronary arteries--very often includes interventional procedures such as angioplasty and atherectomy
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ejection fraction
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measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
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defibrillation
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termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivery of an electrical stimulus to the heart, most commonly by applying electrodes of the defibrillator externally to the chest wall but can be performed internally at the time of open heart surgery or via an implanted device
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cardioversion
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termination of tachycardia either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy
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pacemaker
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a device used to treat slow heart rates (bradycardia) by electrically stimulating the heart to contract, most often implanted with lead wires and battery circuitry under the skin but can be temporarily placed externally with lead wires inserted into the heart via a vein
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angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
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a drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in the blood by the angiotensin-converting enzyme; used in the treatment of hypertension
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antianginal
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a drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris
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antiarrhythmic
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a drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia
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anticoagulant
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a drug that prevents clotting of the blood commonly used in treating thrombophlebitis and myocardial infarction
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antihypertensive
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a drug that lowers blood pressure
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beta blockers
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agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension
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calcium channel blockers
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agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions in heart muscle cells causing a slowing of the heart rate, lessening the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
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diuretic
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a drug that increases the secretion of urine commonly prescribed in treating hypertension
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statins
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agents that lower cholesterol in the blood by inhibiting the effect of HMG-CoA reductase, a liver enzyme responsible for producing cholesterol
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thrombolytic agents
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drugs used to dissolve thrombi (blood clots)
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vasoconstrictor
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a drug that causes narrowing of the blood vessels, decreasing blood flow
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vasodilator
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a drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, increasing blood flow
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