Cardiovascular System: The Heart

Front 1

list the layers of the heart from the inside out

Back 1

endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

Front 2

trace the pathway of blood flow beginning and ending at the right atrium [name each chamber, valve, and great vessel encountered along the way]

Back 2

right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary arteries --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> bicuspid/mitral valve --> left ventricle --> aortic semilunar valve --> aorta --> out to rest of body --> superior/inferior vena cava --> right atrium

Front 3

what type of blood is found in each of the 4 heart chambers?

Back 3

RA, RV -- deoxygenated

LA, LV -- oxygenated

Front 4

what type of blood is found in each of the great vessels attached to the heart

Back 4

superior and inferior vena cava -- deoxygenated

pulmonary arteries -- deoxygenated

pulmonary veins -- oxygenated

aorta -- oxygenated

Front 5

define "fossa ovalis/foramen ovale"

Back 5

remnant of foramen ovale [bypass lungs]

Front 6

define "ligamentum arteriosum/ductus arteriosus"

Back 6

connects aortic arch to pulmonary trunk; remnant of ductus arteriosus [bypass lungs]

Front 7

define "chordae tendinae/papillary muscles"

Back 7

attach valves to papillary muscles; prevents prolapse/backwash

Front 8

define "cardiac skeleton"

Back 8

separates and partitions the atria from the ventricles

Front 9

describe the components of each of the 3 circulations of the cardiovascular system *

Back 9

systemic:
arteries -- oxygenated blood from L ventricle to tissues
veins -- deoxygenated blood from tissues to R atrium

pulmonary:
arteries -- deoxygenated blood from R ventricle to lungs
veins -- oxygenated blood from lungs to L atrium

coronary:
coronary arteries -- oxygenated blood from aorta to heart wall
cardiac veins -- deoxygenated blood from heart wall --> coronary sinus --> R atrium

Front 10

trace the cardiac conduction system through the heart

Back 10

SA node
atria
AV node
bundle of His
interventricular septum
R & L bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
ventricle

Front 11

define "stroke volume"

Back 11

the volume of blood ejected by one side of the heart per beat

Front 12

define "cardiac output"

Back 12

stroke volume x heart rate

Front 13

define "diastole"

Back 13

relaxation [heart refills with blood]

Front 14

define "systole"

Back 14

contraction [heart ejects blood]

Front 15

stat the relationship between stroke volume and cardiac output

Back 15

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Front 16

list and define 3 factors affecting cardiac output

Back 16

preload: amount of blood coming into the heart

afterload: blood pressure [on other side of valve] to overcome for semilunar valves [going out of ventricles- pulmonary semilunar valve & aortic semilunar valve] to open

contractility: how hard the muscles are contracting; the strength of contraction

Front 17

list 3 categories of factors affecting heart rate

Back 17

neural, chemical, body temperature

Front 18

describe the cardioinhibitory and cardioacceleratory reflexes

Back 18

cardioinhibitory: slows heart rate

cardioacceleratory: increases heart rate

Front 19

list the effects on the heart rate/contractility of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormone

Back 19

HR & contractility both increase

Front 20

list the effects on the heart rate/contractility of hyperkalemia

Back 20

too much K+ leads to decreased HR & contractility

Front 21

list the effects on the heart rate/contractility of hypokalemia

Back 21

too little K+ leads to arrythmia

Front 22

list the effects on the heart rate/contractility of hypercalcemia

Back 22

too much Ca++ leads to increased HR & contractility

Front 23

list the effects on the heart rate/contractility of hypocalcemia

Back 23

too little Ca++ leads to decreased HR & contractility

Front 24

list the effects on the heart rate/contractility of temperature changes

Back 24

increased temperature - increased HR and contractility

decreased temperature - decreased HR and contractility

Front 25

identify the cardiac events associated with the P wave

Back 25

atria depolarize

Front 26

identify the cardiac events associated with the QRS complex

Back 26

ventricles depolarize while atria repolarize

Front 27

identify the cardiac events associated with the T wave

Back 27

ventricles repolarize

Front 28

define the term "cardiac cycle"

Back 28

events associated with a single heart beat

Front 29

list the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle and the major events occurring in each

Back 29

1. ventricular systole: both ventricles contract

2. ventricular diastole: ventricles relax

3. atrial systole: atria are contracting

4. atrial diastole: atria are relaxing

Front 30

list the causes of the first and second heart sounds

Back 30

S1: caused by blood hitting the closed AV valve and circulating in the atria

S2: caused by blood hitting the closed semilunar valve and circulating the ventricle