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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the layer covering the heart and proximal ends of blood vessels? |
Answer: pericardium |
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What is the outer layer of the pericardium? |
Answer: the fibrous pericardium |
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What is the middle layer of the pericardium? |
Answer: the parietal layer of the serous pericardium |
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Where is the serous fluid around the heart? |
Answer: between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium |
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What is the inner layer of the pericardium? |
Answer: The visceral layer of the serous pericardium |
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What is the relationship between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium? |
Answer: they make a continuous sheet that is folded on itself |
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What is the visceral layer of the pericardium also called? |
Answer: the epicardium |
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What is pericarditis? |
Answer: bacterial or viral infection causes the layers of the pericardium to stick together (fibroblasts) |
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What makes up the pericardial sac? |
Answer: the fibrous and parietal layers |
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What is the function of the parietal & visceral layers of the pericardium? |
Answer: produce serous fluid to reduce friction |
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What are the layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep? |
Answer: fibrous, parietal, pericardial cavity, and visceral |
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What are the layers of the cardiac wall from superficial to deep? |
Answer: epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
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What is the epicardium responsible for? |
Answer: serous fluid production & fat storage |
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What is the myocardium responsible for? |
Answer: muscle contraction to pump the heart |
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What is the endocardium responsible for? |
Answer: slippery lining of all heart structures |
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What is the endocardium made of? |
Answer: epithelial and connective tissue |
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What is endocarditis? |
Answer: a bacterial infection of the endocardium that occurs in immunocompromised patients, frequently after dental work, that can permanently scar/weaken the heart. |
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How do veins and arteries differ in utero? |
Answer: Veins carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the heart and arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the placenta. |
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What bypasses the liver and directs blood directly to the inferior vena cava? |
Answer: ductus venosus |
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What bypasses the lungs and directs blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta? |
Answer: ductus arteriosus |
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What bypasses the lungs and directs blood from the right atrium to the left atrium? |
Answer: foramen ovale |
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What does the foramen ovale eventually become after birth? |
Answer: fossa ovalis |
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What does the ductus arteriosus eventually become after birth? |
Answer: ligamentum arteriosum (fibroblasts) |
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What is systole and diastole? |
Answer: systole is contraction, diastole is relaxation |
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What is the lubb sound? |
Answer: ventricular systole; the atrioventricular nodes close |
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What is the dupp sound? |
Answer: ventricular diastole; the pulmonary & aortic valves close |
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How much does the average adult heart weigh? |
Answer: 300 grams |
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What is the postero-superior surface of the heart? |
Answer: the base |
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What is the inferior end of the heart that points anteroinferiorly to the left? |
Answer: the apex |
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What side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood? |
Answer: the right side |
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What side of the heart receives oxygenated blood? |
Answer: the left side |
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Does the atrium or ventricles receive blood?
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Answer: atrium
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Does the atrium or ventricles pump blood?
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Answer: ventricles
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What is the largest chamber of the heart?
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Answer: left ventricle; it is responsible for systemic circulation
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What does the pulmonary trunk receive blood from?
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Answer: right ventricle
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Where does the pulmonary trunk deliver blood?
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Answer: the lungs
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What does the aorta receive blood from?
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Answer: left ventricle
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Where does the aorta deliver blood
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Answer: systemic circulation
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What are the two types of circulation?
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Answer: pulmonary & systemic
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Where do the venae cavae drain?
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Answer: superior and inferior vena cava drain into the right atrium
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Where do the pulmonary veins drain?
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Answer: left atrium
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Where are the atrioventricular valves?
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Answer: between the atrium & ventricles on each side
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Which AV valve is the tricuspid?
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Answer: right AV valve
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Which AV valve is the mitral?
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Answer: left AV valve
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Which AV valve is the bicuspid?
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Answer: left AV valve
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Where are the semilunar valves?
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Answer: between the left ventricle & aorta and between the right ventricle & pulmonary trunk
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Where is the coronary sulcus?
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Answer: externally, between the atria & ventricles
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Where is the interventricular sulcus?
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Answer: externally, between the ventricles. It marks a line from the coronary sulcus to the apex.
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What are the three veins that empty into the right atrium?
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Answer: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
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What are the 4 functions of the fibrous pericardium?
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Answer: structural support, anchors heart valves, framework for cardiac muscle attachment, & electric insulator (prevents simultaneous contraction)
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What are impulse nodes and bundles?
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Answer: cardiac muscle cells that are not contractile but initiate or conduct impulses
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Which node is known as the pacemaker?
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Answer: sinoatrial node
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What is the conduction pathway between both atrial and ventricular myocardium?
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Answer: atrioventricular node
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What are the bundles that conduct impulses toward the ventricular myocardium?
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Answer: Atrioventricular bundle
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What are the bundles that deliver the impulses to the myocardial fibers?
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Answer: Purkinje fibers
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What happens if any of the nodes or bundles other than the pacemaker initiates muscle contraction?
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Answer: arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, death
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What is the resting membrane potential of nodal cells?
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Answer: -60mV
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At resting membrane potential, where is the calcium, potassium, and sodium?
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Answer: more calcium & sodium outside the cell, more potassium inside the cell
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How many cardiac contractions happen in a heartbeat?
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Answer: Two. Atria then ventricles
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Do nodal cells have a stable resting membrane potential?
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Answer: no; they spontaneously depolarize
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Describe the events leading to an action potential.
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Answer: Previous repolarization causes voltage-gated sodium & calcium channels to open, allowing them entrance into the cell. -40mV threshold reached. Voltage-gated calcium channels open, allowing more calcium in, making the cell slightly positive (depolarization). Calcium channels close & voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing potassium to leave, causing repolarization.
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Describe the action potential's path.
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Answer: AP moves from SA node to atrial sarcolemma. Conduction slows due to smaller fibers & fewer gap junctions in ventricles, allowing ventricular filling. The AP then moves from the AV node along the AV bundle to the Purkinje fibers, then propagated through the ventricular sarcolemma.
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What are the electrical events of the cardiac muscle cells?
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Answer: Action potential reaches cell, causing fast voltage-gated sodium channels to open until cell reaches +30mV (depolarized). Voltage-gated potassium channels are triggered then slow voltage-gated sodium channels. The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases more calcium, thus no electrical change (plateau). Voltage-gated calcium channels close. Potassium continues to leave until cell reaches -90mV again.
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Describe the crossbridge cycling process.
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Answer: calcium binds to troponin, myosin heads attach to actin, myosin head swivels, ATP binds to myosin head, releasing it from the actin, ATP is split & myosin head resets, calcium is released.
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Why can cardiac muscle cells not exhibit tetany?
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Answer: The plateau phase prevents repolarization from happening right away
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