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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List and define each the components of blood
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plasma - liquid portion of blood, formed elements - cells and cell fragments in blood`
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Define hematopoiesis.
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production of all formed elements
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What is the stem cell for RBCs?
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proerythroblast
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What are the stem cells for granulocytes?
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myeloblasts
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What are the stem cells for lymphocytes?
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lymphoblasts
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What are the stem cells for monocytes?
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monoblasts
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Describe the structure and the function of erythrocytes.
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biconcave disc - transportation of O2, CO2 and buffers H+
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Describe the composition and function of hemoglobin.
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4 poly peptide protein chains - to bind to O2, CO2, and buffers H+
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What acid does hemoglobin buffer?
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H2CO3 - carbonic acid
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What are the unique structures and function of neutrophils?
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band = immature nutriphil, first responders, highly phagocytic
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What are the unique structures and function of monocytes?
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3rd largest WBC, attacks chronic infection, macrophages are monocytes that have migrated out of blood and into tissue
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What are the unique structures and functions of basophils?
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mast cells have migrated out of blood, contains heparin histamine and IgE
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What are the unique structures and functions of eosinophils?
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found in mucosa of respiratory tract and contains antihistamine
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What are the unique structures and functions of lymphocytes?
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trigger B and T cells
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What is a differential count?
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diagnostic tool used to count the number of each type of WBC in a total of 100 WBC
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What is leukopoeisis?
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formation of WBC triggered by colony stimulating factors
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What are the steps in phagocytosis?
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chemotaxis, diapedesis, adherence, engulf
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Describe the unique structure and function of thrombocytes.
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relatively small and irregularly shaped, function in blood clotting, contain seritonin,
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What is the function of the plasma protein albumin?
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helps with colloidal osmotic pressure, functions as a buffer, transports hormones in blood
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What is the function of the plasma protein globulin?
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has alpha, betta, and gamma, gamma are the antibodies
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What is the function of the plasma protein fibrinogen?
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soluable, functions in clot formation
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What is the difference between serum and plasma?
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serum is plasma minus the clotting proteins
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What is plasma?
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blood minus all the formed elements
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What is the process of hemostasis?
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vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation
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What is hemostasis?
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the reestablishing of a closed vascular system after a blood vessel has been broken
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What are the three steps in coagulation?
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prothrombin acitvator = prothrombinase,
prothrombin>prothrombinase>thrombin, fibrinogen> thrombin>fibrin |
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What are the two disorders of hemostasis?
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hemophillia and thrombosis
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What is the shape of the heart?
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hollow cone shaped structure
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What are the 2 coverings around the heart?
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fibrous and serous pericardium
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What is endothelium?
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simple squamous epithelium that lines cappillaries, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the walls of the heart
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What are the three layers of the heart wall?
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epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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What is the structure and function of the epicardium?
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visceral layer, made of mesothelium
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What is the structure and function of the myocardium?
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thickest layer, CMF have a spiral arrangement,
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What is the structure and function of the endocardium?
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parietal layer, made up of endothelium what a thin layer of connective tissue
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What are the landmarks of the heart?
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auricles, coronary sulcus, anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus
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What are the four valves of the heart and where are they located?
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tricuspid - right side between atria and ventricle, bicuspid - between left atria and ventricle, pulmonary - pulmonary trunk, aortic - aorta
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What are the major branches of the coronary arteries?
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left and right coronary arteries that come off the ascending aorta
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What does the left coronary artery serve?
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the anterior interventricular artery (anterior wall of both ventricles) and circumflex artery (walls of the left ventricle and left atrium)
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What does the right coronary artery serve?
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posterior interventricular artery (posterior walls of ventricles) and marginal artery (myocardium of the right ventricle)
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What is the difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers?
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CMF as short, fat, and branched
the also have autorhythmicity |
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What is the conduction system of the heart?
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Nodal system
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What are the components of the nodal system?
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Sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, Bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinjie fibers
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Define arrhythemia and give an example.
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any variation of the normal heart beat - heart block, caffeine, alcohol
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What does an electrocardiogram record?
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records the electrical waves on the surface of the heart
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What are the major waves of the electrocardiogram and what do they indicate?
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P wave (atria depolarization) QRS wave (ventricle depolarization), T wave (ventricle repolarization)
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What are the events of a cardiac cycle?
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SA node fires, atria systole, AV node fires, ventricles go into systole, entire heart goes into a period of rest
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Briefly describe the normal heart sounds.
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1st sound is louder and it is the closing of the AV valves, 2nd sound is shorter and sharper and it's the closing of the SL valves
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Define stroke volume.
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volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle per contraction
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What are the two factors that determine stroke volume?
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force of contraction, volume of venous blood returned to the heart
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Define cardiac volume.
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the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle per minute
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What are the factors that determine cardiac volume?
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volume of blood per contraction, number of contractions per minute
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Define Starling's law of the heart.
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the length of a cardiac muscle fiber determines the force of contraction of the cardiac muscle fiber
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How is cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate related?
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CO = SV X HR
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What is so special about starling's law?
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equalizes the output of the right and left ventricles and keeps the same volume of blood flowing to both the systemic and pulmonary circulations
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What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in controlling cardiac output?
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Cardioacceleratory center - speeds up, Cardioinhibitory center - slows down heart rate
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What is the role of the cardiac center in controlling cardiac out put?
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cardiac center regulates heart rate
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What are proprioceptors and where are they found?
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monitor physical motion - joints, tendons, muscles
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What do chemorecptors monitor and where are they found?
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chemicals such as H+, CO2, and O2 - blood
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What do baroreceptors/pressoreceptors do and where are they found?
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blood pressure - in the arch of the aorta and in the carotid arteries
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Where is the cardiac center located?
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medulla oblongata
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What are the nerves involved with the various sensory receptors?
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sympathetic cardiac accelerator nerves
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List the major types of blood vessels.
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veins, arteries, and capillaries
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List the three layers of a blood vessel wall.
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Tunica intima, media, externa
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Describe the structure and the function of the tunica intima.
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innermost of the three layers, made up of endothelieum attached to a basement membrane
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Describe the structure and the function of the tunica media
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middle of the three layers, made up of circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers along with elastic connective tissue, responsible for altering the size of the lumen
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Describe the structure and the function of the tunica externa.
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outermost of the three layers composed of elastic and collagen fibers, provide support and anchor vessel in place
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What is the function of the vasomotor fibers that terminate in the smooth muscle of artery walls.
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major role in controlling blood pressure
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What are the three types of arteries from biggest to smallest?
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elastic, muscular, arterioles
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Describe elastic arteries and give an example
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largest, thick walled, tunica media is composed primarily of elastic connective tissue, can expand and recoil ex: aorta, pulmonary trunk, brachiocephalic, common ilac
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Describe muscular arteries and give an example.
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medium and smaller arteries, formed by branching of an elastic artery, deliver blood to specific body organs, ex: renal, hepatic
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Describe arterioles and give an example.
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smallest, formed by branching of a muscluar artery, feed directly into capillaries, significant role in bp
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Describe the wall of a capillary.
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no tunica media or externa - only made up of intima, made up of endothelium, (designed for filtration, osmosis, and diffusion)
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Define blood hydrostatic pressure.
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water pressure inside capillary, moves blood out of capillary
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Define blood osmotic pressure.
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pulling water into capillary
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Define interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
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water pressure against the outside of the vessel wall, moves water into the capillary
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Define interstitial osmotic pressure.
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created by the presence of Na+ in the interstitial compartment, moves water out of capillary
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Define a venule.
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smallest of the veins, drain capillary blood, very then walls, typically do not have a media, walls are very leaky, tunica externa is thickest
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List the factors that keep blood moving in veins.
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large lumen, valves prevent back flow, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump
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Define blood flow.
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volume of blood flowing through a vessel or an organ or the entire circulatory system at a given period of time
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Define resistance.
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opposition to blood flow, measure of the amount of friction the blood encounters as it passes through the vessel
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Define blood pressure.
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a force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood
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List the factors that influence blood pressure.
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size of lumen, vessel length, blood viscosity
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What are the factors that control blood pressure?
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cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, hormones
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What are the major differences between the cardiac and vasomotor center?
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Cardiac - controls heart rate, uses sympathetic and parasympathetic, uses nerves in T1-T5 and vagus nerve
Vasomotor - controls arteriole diameter, uses sympathetic only, uses nerves T1-T12 and L1 and L2 |
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What is the sensory information that affects the cardiovascular center?
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baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
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Define the carotid sinus reflex.
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the baroreceptors are located int eh carotid artery and they monitor bp in brain
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Define the aortic reflex.
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the baroreceptors are located in the aorta and they monitor bp in systemic system
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What is the role of epinephrine on blood vessels and blood pressure.
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secreted by adrenal medulla, secreted in response to sympathetic stimulation, causes VC of arterioles serving the skin and abdominal organs, causes VD of arterioles serving skeletal and cardiac muscle
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What is the role of vasopressin on blood vessels and blood pressure?
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made by the posterior pituitary, causes VC, goes to the kidney and tells it to conserve water and puts it back into blood and allows for increase in blood volume
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What is the role of rennin on blood vessels and blood pressure?
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it's an enzyme secreted by the kidney in a response to a drop in bp
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What is the role of aldosterone on blood vessels and blood pressure?
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a hormone made in the adrenal cortex with a function to fo to the kidney and tell it to reabsorb Na+ into blood
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What is the role of angiotensin II on blood vessels and on blood pressure?
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active form of angiotensin - enzyme that causes VC
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What is the role of ANP on blood vessels and blood pressure
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reduce bp by causing VD and causes kidneys to excrete more water and Na+ into urine
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What is the role of BNP on blood vessels and blood pressure?
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reduce bp by causing VD and causes kidney to excrete more water and Na+ into urine
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What is the role of histamine on blood vessels and blood pressure?
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causes VD therefore reducing blood pressure
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Discuss autoregulation in controlling the diameter of blood vessels.
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the automatic adjustment of blood flow to a specific tissue in response to that tissue's need at that time, usually tied to O2 levels, causes localized VD with low O2 levels
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Define hypovolemic shock and give an example.
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not enough blood volume ex: hemorrhaging, inadequate intake, excessive urination
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Define cardiogentic shock and give an example.
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heart isn't doing it's job ex: heart attack
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Define vascular shock and give an example.
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inappropriate/incorrect VD ex: anaphylactic shock
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Define obstructive shock and give an example.
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something is blocking a blood vessel ex: embolism
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