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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is blood tissue classified?
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connective tissue
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What is blood composed of?
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specialized cells suspended in a n extracellular matrix, called plasma
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What is the matrix called of the blood?
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plasma
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What are some of the physical characteristics of blood plasma?
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blood plasma is a viscous watery solution containing numerous different solutes
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What are the specialized cells in blood?
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formed elements
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true or false: Formed elements possess cilia or flagella?
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false. they do not so they do not "swim", they roam freely in the plasma and are carried along with in the current of flowing bloodstream
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Plasma+ formed elements= ____?_____
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whole blood
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What is whole blood?
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an extremely useful tissue clinically as alterations in its properties can provide clues to many pathological conditions
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What is the percentage of water is in blood plasma?
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92%...the rest 8% is composed of more than 100 different solutes
including proteins, small organic molecules, and dissolved gasses |
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true or false: Fibrinogen is soluble in water but when a blood vessel is torn fibrinogen is converted to a non-soluble form called fibrin?
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true. insoluble fibrin fibers catch cells floating in the bloodstream. the result is blood clot
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What is one advantage to removing fibrinogen?
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When storing blood plasma it's useful to remove fibrinogen to prevent unwanted clotting
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What is blood plasma with fibrinogen removed?
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serum
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What are the three populations found in the formed elements?
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Red blood cells (RBCs), White blood cells (WBCs), and platlets
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Which of other three populations found in the formed elements are most abundant?
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Red Blood Cells..Erythocytes
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How many erythrocytes per microliter of whole blood?
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5 million
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How much blood does the average adult have?
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~5 liters of blood
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true or false: RBCs are among the most differentiated cells in the body
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true.
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They are extremely small- less than 10 micrometers in diameter.
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they are not actually living cells since they lack a nucleus and other organelles and are not metabolically active.
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What is the protein that RBC's sacs are filled with?
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Hemoglobin (Hb)
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Hemoglobin reversibly binds dissolved oxygen and carries this gas from the lungs to cells throughout the body.
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..
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What is the characteristic that RBCs have to facilitate with oxygen uptake and transport?
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the red blood cells are flat, biconcave discs
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What does the biconcave shaped give to RBCs?
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it gives the cells maximal surface area-to-volume ratio, which allows rapid diffusion of oxygen into and out of the cells
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The red blood cells flatness allows them to stack like dinner plates, what is this an advantage in?
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most capillaries are so small that RBCs much pass through in single file. This allows for faster transportation.
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How long do the red blood cells live for?
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120 days, and then are replaced.
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What is the other name for White Blood cells?
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Leukocytes
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How many types of leukocytes are there?
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5 types
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True or False: Unlike erythrocytes, leukocytes have nuclei and other organelles and are metabolically active.
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true. they also live for decades.
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What are the five types of leukocytes?
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1. lymphocytes
2. monocytes 3. eosinophils 4. basophils 5. neutrophils |
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Of what system are lymphocytes part of?
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Lymphatic system...duh!
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Where are most lymphocytes found?
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they are found in lymphatic vessels and tissues, but when circulating they bloodstream they are categorized as one of the white blood cells, or leukocytes.
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What is the function of the lymphocytes?
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they participate in the immune response by attacking foreign cells and producing antibodies.
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What is another function of the Lymphocyte?
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they are involved in the "clean up and defense" of the body
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Structure equals _____.
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function
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What does Basophil do?
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basophils accumulate at injury sites and release histamine and heparin
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What does histamine cause?
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it causes local inflammation (dilation of blood vessels)
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What does heparin do?
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heparin slows blood clotting.
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What does heparin and histamine do?
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together they help wash out an injured site with blood and recruit other leukocytes to the area.
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Neutrophils are phagocytic...what does that mean?
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they engulf and destroy foreign cells or dead cells
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What does Basophil do?
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basophils accumulate at injury sites and release histamine and heparin
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What does histamine cause?
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it causes local inflammation (dilation of blood vessels)
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What does heparin do?
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heparin slows blood clotting.
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What does heparin and histamine do?
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together they help wash out an injured site with blood and recruit other leukocytes to the area.
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mustard
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la moutarde
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What is the most abundant of the WBCs?
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Neutrophils. they account for the white/yellow appearance of pus in a wound.
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Are monocytes phagocytic?
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yes, they destroy not only the invading pathogen but also infected body cells.
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What do eosinophils do?
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they attack and destroy large invading organisms like parasitic worms
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What is the WBCs that account for the smallest fraction of the total number of formed elements?
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Platelets
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What is the similarity of RBCs and Platelets?
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Platelets lack organelles and are not metabolically active; rather they are small sacs filled with several proteins essential for blood clotting
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the proteins that they platelets are filled with are essential for what?
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they are required during the cascade of reactions that convert fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin.
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How are the different blood types determined?
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the different blood types are determined by the set of proteins ( called antigens) found in the cell membrane.
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What are the blood types that are most important clinically?
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ABO-Rh types are most important clinically.
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The type of blood a person has is determined how biochemically?
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Individuals possessing the Rh antigen on their red blood cells would be Rh-positie; those lacking that particular antigen would be Rh-negative
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What is the percentage of the american population being Rh positive?
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85%
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Individuals that posses the A type antigen are what?
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they are A-type blood
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Individuals that posses the B type antigen are what?
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B-type blood
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If the individual posses both A and B antigens then what is the person?
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the person is a AB blood type
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If the individual posses neither A or B antigen what is the person?
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O blood type
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If the person has the Rh antigen then the person is positive.
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Of the person does not have the Rh antigen then the person is negative.
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What will happen if different blood types mix given through blood transfusion and is not compatible with the person's blood?
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the blood mixture will agglutinate, or clump up...this could be fatal.
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What are the two main blood type abnormalities found in the United States?
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Sickle cell anemia and leukemia
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What is sickle cell anemia?
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a genetic disease caused y a mutation in the gene encoding hemoglobin.
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the mutant hemoglobin protein still binds oxygen reversibly but fails to pack properly within the RBCs distorting the shape of the into a crescent, or sickle shape.
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...
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What is wrong with having sickle shaped cells?
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the distorted cells don't transport oxygen as effectively as their wild type counterparts and they tend to clump together inside small blood vessels.
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What is a type of cancer affecting the leukocytes or white blood cells?
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Leukemia
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What is the one common form of Leukemia?
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lymphatic leukemia, a common condition marked by abundant, mutant lymphocytes and severely reduced number of erythrocytes
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What is the most commonly ordered clinical testes in the United States?
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Complete Blood Count (CBC)
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What is the complete blood count (CBC)?
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actually a series of lab tests designed to provide an overall picture of a patient's blood.
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What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
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to transport :
- nutrients - wastes - reparatory gases - proteins - cells |
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What are the three components of the cardiovascular system?
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1. a pump- the heart
2. the closed tubing- blood vessels 3. transport fluid- blood |
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What is the first system to form during the fetal period?
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cardiovascular system
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In how many days does the heart reach the point where it can beat rhythmically?
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120 days post conception
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what are the functions of blood in the cardiovascular system?
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- transport dissolved gasses, nutrients, hormones and metabolic wastes
- regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids - restricting fluid loss at injury sites - defending the body against toxins and pathogens - regulating body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat |
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what is whole blood composed of?
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plasma and formed elements
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What is formed elements composed of?
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- red blood cells
- white blood cells - platelets |
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What is plasma composed of?
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- water (92%)
- proteins (7%) - small solutes (1%) - electrolytes, organic and inorganic compounds |
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What is the name of the % whole blood occupied by formed elements?
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hematocrit
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what is the percentage of RBC in formed elements?
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99.9%
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What are the five types of WBCs?
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- neutrophil
- basophil - eosinophil - lymphocyte - monocyte |
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what type of WBCs is the most abundant in the formed elements?
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neutrophils
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What type of cells is among the most specialized in the body?
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RBCs
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What are some characteristics of RBCs that make them special?
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- small size, fits through tiny blood vessels to reach all other body cells
- donut shape, maximum surface area to volume ration - flexible, do not easily "clog-up" in small vessels - flat- stackable = passes through small vessels single file stacked one on top of the other |
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What are the properties to whole blood?
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temperature- 38. degrees
pH- 7.4 viscosity- 5x water |
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What is it that keeps whole blood from clotting and keeps it clotting?
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glycocalyx keeps it from clotting and erytrocyte keeps it clotting
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What is the % of plasma that makes up the total blood volume?
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45%- 60%
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More then 60% of the blood plasma is made up of what?
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water
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What is interstitial fluid?
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ion concentration in plasma
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What are the three major classes of plasma proteins?
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1. albumins
2. globulins 3. fibrinogen |
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What is the process of blood cell formation?
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hemopoiesis
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What are hemocytoblasts?
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they are pluripotent stem cells that divide to form all types of blood cells
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what give rise to lymphoid stem cells or myeloid stem cells?
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the hemocytoblasts
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What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?
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lymphocytes
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myeloid stem cells give rise to?
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all other formed elements
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What is erythropoiesis?
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this is the process of RBC formation
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RBC are derived from what?
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they are derived from pro-erythroblasts
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RBC are stimulated directly by the kidney peptide hormone called...
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erythroprotein (EPO)
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There are approximately how many RBC are there in a body?
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25 trillion
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What are the two factors that contribute to the shape of erythrocytes?
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1. membrane skeleton
2. hemoglobin |
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Hemoglobin molecules are formed from what two pairs of polypeptide subunits?
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Alpha chain and two Beta chains
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Each molecule of hemoglobin contains a molecule of what?
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heme
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Iron bonds to what to make rust?
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it binds to oxygen
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What is caused by the mutation of the beta gene?
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sickle cell anemia
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About what % of RBCs are replaced everyday?
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1%
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How many new RBCs enter every second?
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3 million
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What makes the RBC production be sped up?
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EPO erythroprotein
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What is the other word for anitbody?
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agglutinogens
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How is blood type determined?
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by the presence of absence of surface antigens
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What are the three most common antigens?
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A, B and Rh (D)
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What happens when blood with different antigens are combined?
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the blood agglutinates
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What is the Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?
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look up...
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What are the other names for White Blood Cells?
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WBCs and leukocytes
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What is the difference from RBCs and WBCs?
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WBCs have nuclei and other organelles
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What do WBCs do?
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they defend the body against pathogens
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What is the WBCs main job?
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cleans and defend
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What are the two classes of WBCs?
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granular and agranular
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What are the granular ones?
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neutrophils
eosinophils basophils |
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What are the agranular ones?
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lymphocytes
monocytes |
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What WBC is the most abundant, it makes up 50-70% of total WBC population?
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Neutrophil
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go over the WBC types..
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don't give up...
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What type of WBCs are the non-specific and specific defenses?
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the non-specific are the granular ones
the specific ones are the agranular ones |
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What is leukemia?
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abnormal and inordinate number of leukocytes
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What hormones are involved in regulating and controlling WBC production?
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Colony Stimulating Fondus (CSF)
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How long do platelets circulate for?
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9-12 until the phagocytes remove them
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how many platelets/ micro liters of circulating blood?
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~350,000
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What are the platelets functions?
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- transport clotting factors
- plug hole in broken blood vessels - active contraction of clots |
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What is the name of platelet production?
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thrombocytopoiesis
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From what do platelets "pinch off"?
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megakaryocytes
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From one megakaryocytes may produce how many platelets?
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~41,000
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What regulates platelet formation and by what are they stimulated by?
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thromboprotein
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What is thrombus?
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a blood clot
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what is hemostasis?
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the prevention of blood loss through vessel walls
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What are the three phases of hemostasis?
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- vascular phase
- platelet phase - coagulation phase |
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What is the vascular phase of hemostasis?
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- local blood constriction ( vascular spasm)
- endothelial cells release hormones and paracrine factors to stimulate vascular spasm and attract fibroblasts to site of injury - endothelial cells become "sticky" - this whole thing lasts about half and hour |
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Which valve prevents back flow of blood from the ventricles to the atria?
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the AV valves
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Which valves prevent back flow of blood into the ventricles from aorta or pulmonary trunk
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semilunar valves
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When both AV valves are closed both semilunar valves are open
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When both AV valves are open both semilunar valves are closed
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What do the connective tissue fibers of the heart do?
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-provide physical support and elasticity
- distribute the force of contraction - prevent over expansion |
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What does the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
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- support and stabilizes the heart valves
- isolate the ventricle from the atria both physical and electrically |
