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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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closed, fluid filled system consists of
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the heart & circulatory system (blood vessels)
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heart location
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anterior to vertebral column and posterior to sternum, above diaphragm
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pericardium
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membrane that surrounds the heart
support, protection, lubrication |
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pericardium consists of two main parts
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fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium |
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pericarditis
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inflammation of pericardium
cause: viral, bacterial, fungal infections, heart attack, drugs chest pain, neck, shoulder, back & abdomen |
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superior vena cava
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de-oxygenated blood from head and upper body to heart
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right atrium
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receive blood from body
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right ventricle
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push blood to the lungs
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aorta
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oxygenated blood from heart to body
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left pulmonary artery
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de-oxygenated blood from heart to lungs
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left atrium
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receive blood from lungs
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left ventricle
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pushes blood to the body
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inferior vena cava
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de-oxygenated blood from lower body to the heart
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coronary sinus
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opens into the right atrium
de-oxygenated blood from the heart muscle |
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pulmonary veins
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oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
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heart wall layers
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epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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endocardium
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endothelial cells, connective tissue, smooth lining, covers heart valves, minimizes friction
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myocardium
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cardiac muscle, pumping action, 95% of heart wall
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epicardium
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visceral layer of serous pericardium, protective layer, contains blood and lymphatic vessels
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myocarditis
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inflammation of myocardium, complication of viral infection, bacteria
symptoms: none, or chest pain, abnormal heartbeat treatment: antibiotics, anti inflam, diuretics remove excess water from body |
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endocarditis
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inflammation of inside lining of heart
involves heart valves caused by bacterial infection symptoms: fever, heart murmur, fatigue, chills treatment: intravenous antibiotics |
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4 heart chambers
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the upper 2 are right/left atria
the lower 2 are right/left ventricles |
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right atrium
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receives blood from superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary cirulation
passes blood to right ventricle |
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right ventricle
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send blood to lungs for oxygenation (diastole)
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left atrium
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passes blood to left ventricle
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left ventricle
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pumps blood to body (systole)
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heart septum
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separates 2 sides of the heart
prevents blood from crossing one side of the heart to the other |
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atrial septum
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wall that separates right from left atrium
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ventricular septum
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wall that separates right from left ventricle
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atrioventricular (AV) valves
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open to allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles
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outflow (semilunar) valves
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open to allow blood to flow from the ventricles, into the outflow vessels
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AV valve
= mitral (bicuspid) valve |
between the left atrium and left ventricle
prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium |
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AV valve
= tricuspid valve |
between the right atrium and right ventricle
prevents the backflow of blood into the right atrium |
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chordae tendineae
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chord like tendons
connect the papillary muscle to the valve |
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operation of AV valves
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biscuspid valve open, high pressure -> low pressue
ventricles relaxed, papillary muscles relaxed, tendons slack biscuspid valve closed, ventricles contract, papillary muscles contract, tendons tighten |
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outflow of semilunar valves
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at the entrance to the outflow vessels leading into the pulmonary and systemic circulation
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pulmonary valve
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right outflow valve between the ventricles and the pulmonary artery
opens into the pulmonary trunk prevents backflow of blood into right ventricle |
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aortic valve
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opens into the aortic arch
between the left ventricle and the aorta prevents backflow of blood into left ventricle |
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LUB
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loud and longer
first heart sound blood turbulence when AV close at the beginning of the ventricular system blood forced up against valves |
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DUB or Dup
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second heart sound
blood turbulence when semilunar valves close blood flows back against valves |
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heart valve disorders
= stenosis |
narrowing of the heart valve
restriction of blood flow can be genetic, rheumatic fever |
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heart valve disorders
= mitral valve prolapse |
backflow of blood from left ventricle into left atrium
genetic, rheumatic fever, infection and age |
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3 circulatory processes occurring simultaneously within the body
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coronary circuit, pulmonary circuit, systemic circuit
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pulmonary circulation
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the right sided pulmonary circulation -> deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lung to be oxygenated -> oxygenated blood returns to the heart
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systemic circulation
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the left-sided systemic circulation -> oxygenated blood is pumped from the left side of the heart to tissues and cells in the body
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coronary circulation
myocardium has its own network of blood vessels = coronary veins |
veins draining the blood away from myocardium
veins collect into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium |
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coronary circulation
myocardium has its own network of blood vessels =coronary arteries |
deliver oxygenated blood and nutrients to the heart
blood flows from aorta to right/left coronary artiers into arterioles and capillaries |
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myocardial ischemia
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heart muscle is not getting enough oxygenated blood
-chest pain or discomfort = angina -damage of heart muscle = myocardial infarction (heart attack) cause: narrowed coronary arteries risk: age, smoking, high cholesterol levers, hypertension |
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angina pectoris or stable angina
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most common
chest or arm pain stable patterns during exercise or stress temporary symptoms relieved with rest/drugs caused: vessel occlusion- fixed coronary stenosis |
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unstable angina
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severe chest, neck, arm pain, dyspnea/epigastic discomfort in women
random and unpredictable attacks rest or minimal exertion lasts >10 min severe symptoms, less responsive to drugs cause: severe occlusion |
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variant angina
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rare, more men than women
chest pain, pressure or tightness between midnight and early morning during rest, occur in clusters lasts 5-30 min severe symptoms, relieve with drugs cause: spasms in the walls of coronary arteries that supply blood to heart |
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microvascular angina
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syndrome x, woman>men
chest, arm, shoulders, jaw pain random and unpredictable attacks trigger by exertion, extreme weather, food lasts 5-10 min severe symptoms, relieve with rest and drugs cause: abnormal function or anatomy of microcirculation, problems in tiny cardiac blood vessels |
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treatments for myocardial ischemia
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angioplasty, stent, coronary artery bypass surgery
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heart contraction/heart rate
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all cells must contract in sequence
sequence is determined by conduction system, which initiates/distributes electrical impulses that stimulate contraction |
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SA node
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clump of specialized cells with least stable membrane
spontaneously depolarize most frequently natural pacemakers |
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AV node
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specialized cells
junction between atria and ventricles signal has a short delay in the AV node |
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AV bundle
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conduct impulses through interventricular septum
right and left branches |
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purkinje fibers
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distribute impulse through ventricles
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conduction system cells that do NOT contract
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autorhythmic cells
they initiate/conduct the action potentials responsible for contraction of the contractile cells in atria/ventricles |
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cardiac conduction/contraction
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the SA node initiates action potentials, which spread across the atria and cause them to contract
then the action potentials passes from atria to ventricles causing them to contract |
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action potential of pacemaker cells in the conduction system
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action potentials divided into 3 phases, cells have unstable membrane
membrane potentials in the different phases are due to changes in the movement of ions -mainly Ca2+ and K+, and to a lesser extent Na+ |
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spontaneous depolarization: phase 4
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triggers action potential once the threshold is reached
3 channels are involved -Na+ channels open when membrane potential is - -T-type Ca2+ channels open at 50 mv -L-type Ca2+ channels open close to -40 mv |
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action potential: phase 0
depolarization |
open of L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels at threshold
-Ca2+ influx, further depolarization |
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phase 3: repolarization
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open of voltage-gated K+ channels, K+ efflux
-inactivation of L-type Na+ channels -decrease in membrane potential Na+/K+/Ca2+ exchanger also involved in reestablishing membrane potential |
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regulation of cardiac conduction
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cardiac accelerator nerves
-sympathetic NE = increased rate of spontaneous depolarization in SA and AV nodes, increased heart rate vagus nerves -parasympathetic Ach = decreased rate of spontaneous depolarization in SA and AV nodes, decreased heart rate |
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normal pacemaker activity
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autorhythmic cells generate action potentials at different rates
SA node (fastest rate) drives the rest of the heart -other autorhythmic cells are unable to assume their own natural slower rates |
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artificial pacemaker
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if SA node failure or heart block: this is a way to restore/maintain the normal heart rhythm
small, battery operated device, generates rhythmic impulses spread throughout the heart SINGLE chamber: one chamber is regulated, usually the ventricles DUAL chamber: two leads are used, info from atria regulates the contractions of ventricles |
