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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the leading cause of untimely death in the Western countries?
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cardiovascular disease
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CVD is ranked as what? What does it stand for?
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The leading cause of death in the Western countries, cardiovascular disease
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How do hypertension and aterosclerosis lead to stroke?
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due to arteries blocked by a blood clot, or a heart attack due to a coronary artery clogged by plaque. Or an aneurysm
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How can an aneurysm be treated and what can it aneurysm lead to?
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replacing a bv that has a bulge about to burst with an artificial one, hypertension and athersclerosis
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How can hypertension be defined?
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a systolic blood pressure of 140 or greater or if the diastolic blood pressure is 90 or greater.
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Between the systolic an diastolic pressures, what is emphasized when medical treatment is being considered?
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diastolic pressure
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What is sometimes called a silent killer and why?
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hypertension because it may not be detected until it has caused a heart attack, stroke, or even kidney failure.
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Why does athersclerosis develop with hypertension?
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The increasing pressure, ,the increasing buildup in arteries
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what contributes to hypertension?
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Diabetes, atherosclerosis
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Hypertension can lead to 3 major fatal diseases, what are they?
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heawrt attack, stroke, or even kidney failure
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What kind of drugs would help to lower the blood pressure?
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diuretics
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Why do diuretics help to lower blood pressure?
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YOU SHOULD PROBABLY FIND THIS OUT!!! I think it's because if water is retained be a high salt diet, this causes blood pressure to rise, taking diuretics helps move water through the system so blood pressure will not be affected.
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What is an accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, including cholesterol? What individuals would be at risk for this, and where is it specifically found?
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athersclerosis, beneath the inner linings of arteries
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What is plaque?
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an accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, including cholesterol, beneath the inner linings of arteries.
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Where does plaque tend to protrude, why is this dangerous?
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into the lumen of the vessel and interfere with the flow of blood
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What kind of test did the doctors do on the obese kids to see how their arteries were?
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ultrasound tests.
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How old were the kid's "vascular age" when tested against tables for 45 year olds?
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30 year old
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What is a visible risk factor on the heart for people at risk for heart disease, stroke and heart rhythm problems?
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Enlargement of the heart
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What does one of the articles say a cause of athersclerosis could be?
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inflammation
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What increases during inflammation and can be easily monitored?
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C-reactive protein (CRP)
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How can you test for inflammation?
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seeing how much CRP you have.
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How can inflammation plus athersclerosis lead to a heart attack?
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inflammation makes plaque squishy which prompts formation of a clot and leads to heart attack
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What are causes of inflammation?
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fat cells churn out inflammatory proteins, hypertension, smoking, lingering low-level infections such as chronic gum disease
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What could chronic gum disease cause?
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can cause inflammation within the arteriorle wall where CrP proteins will be more abundant causing build up of plaque to rupture like popping a zit which could block the entire artery and lead to a heart attack
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What 2 ways can you prevent the development of plaque?
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a diet low in saturated fat and cholestrol, but rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
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How could the intake of salt lead to athersclerosis?
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increase in water retention which equals an increase in blood volume, which increases blood pressure which increases athersclerosis build up
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Who is Vivien Thedore Thomas? What did he develop?
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A black surgeon during the time of Jim Crow laws and racial prejudice. People were shocked to see him in a doctor uniform because at the time blacks were only janitors. he developed a respirator, which took over breathing when the chest was cut open , and allowed surgeries that had not been previously possible.
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What surgery did blalock help devise? What did the surgery do?
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Blalock-Taussing surgery, saved lives of many babies with severe heart deffects.
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What is a stationary clot called? Where does it predominantly occur and and what is it called when it dislodges, what is it called when it gets stuck again?
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thrombus, in the veins of the legs, embolism, thromboembolism
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What would be chiefly responsible for atherosclerosis?
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Smoking and a diet rich in lipids and cholestrol
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How does nicotine increase blood pressure?
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By constricting the arterioles, the heart must pump harder to properl blood.
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What can stimulants do to the circulatory system? What are some examples of the stimulants?
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cocaine and amphetamines can cause irregular heartbeat and lead to heart attacks, IV drug use may cause cerebral blood clots and stroke.
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How does a poor diet contribute to CVD?
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A diet high in saturated fats and cholesterol. Cholesterol is ferried in the blood by two proteins, elevated blood LDL and/or low blood HDL levels can contribute to CV disease.
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What are the 2 types of proteins cholesterol is ferried by in the blood? WHat is the difference between them?
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HDL, High density lipo-protein: carries cholestrol to liver where it can be dmetabolized.
LDL: Low density lipo-protein: carries cholesterol to tissues |
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What can help resotre LDL and HDL to the recommended levels? What is the drug that can further lower LDL level?
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A diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol. statin
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How can poor dental hygeine contribute to atherosclerotic plaques?
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gum disease/inflammation and microbes from infected gums can enter the bloodstream and trigger formation of atherosclerosis
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What type of legislation are they proposing to help Americans overcome CVD?
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"fat tax"
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How many dollars are spent annually on health care?
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431 billion
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Article: In the Harbinger of a Heart Attack article, what did men with high amounts of CRP take that helped their heart? How did it help?
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Aspirin, known to discourage the formation of blood clots. Its ability to subdue inflammation is key.
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In the Harbinger article, what caused inflammation?
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An injury to the bv wall causes the protective action of the wbc's to go awry and inflammation becomes excessive.
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According to the Harbinger article, what can damage bv's in smokers with high cholesterol?
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Increased cholesterol =increased carrier molecules which are lipoproteins. When Lipoproteins become oxidized they become free radicals>damages BV's
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What causes the inflammation in a damaged area?
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chemicals released by WBC's harm the bv wall.WBC congregate at the site of the injury, becoming engorged with fat molecules and forming the first signs of atherosclerosis.
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How does atherosclerosis according to the Harbinger article develop?
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WBC's congregate at the site of the injry, becoming engorged with fat molecules and forming the first signs of atherosclerosis. Layers of fat and cells are deposited over the years and by the fifth or sixth decade, many people have hardened plaque.
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What virus do they believe plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis?
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herpes virus called cytomegalovirus. This virus
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Which virus has a much greater risk of developing a post-treatment narrowing of the vessel?
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cytomegalovirus (restenosis)
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What is a post-treatment narrowing of a vessel called?
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restenosis
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What disorder is characterized by inflammation and clogging of the valves of the heart? and what did the people have that died from this disorder? So, what did they link this disorder to?
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nonrheumatic heart valve disease, chlamydia pneumoniae, atherosclerosis tentatively
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