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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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basophil
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(type of white blood cell)
in a stain you can't see nucleus, only dark blue/purple granules can be seen, when they are out of the bloodstream they are called mast cells |
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neutrophil
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(type of white blood cell)
small cells. nucleus is polymophonucleocyte. granules stained pink and purple in colour |
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lymphocytes
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(type of white blood cell)
scanty cytoplasm and big nucleus. cytoplasm does not have granules |
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monocyte
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(type of white blood cell)
kidney-shaped nucleus , once they are out of the bloodstream they are called macrophages |
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eosinophil
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(type of white blood cells)
pinkish purple |
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diapedesis
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when white blood cells go between the capillary walls and they jump outside the blood vessel to an area where there is an infection
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neutrophils and macrophages
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only cells that can do phagocytosis
-attracted by chemotaxis |
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neutrophils
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-respond to tissue damage by bacteria
-use lysosomes, strong oxidants, defensins |
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chemotaxis
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responses based on chemical stimulus (white blood cell can detects bacteria outside the blood cell)
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monocytes
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take longer, but arrive in larger numbers and destroy more microbes
-enlarge and differentiate into macrophages |
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basophil-mast cells
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-heparin, histamine and serotonin, at sites of inflammation
-intensify inflammatory reaction -involved in hypersensitivity rxns (allergies) |
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eosinophils
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release histaminase, phagocytize antigenantibody complexes and effective against certain parasitic worms
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lymphocytes - T cells
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cytotoxic effects (attack cells infected by viruses, intracellular parasites, transplanted cells, cancer cells and some bacteria
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natural killer (NK) cells - infectious microbes and certain tumor cells
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infectious microbes and certain tumor cells
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lymphocytes - B cells
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production of Ab (humoral response)
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granzyme
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dissolve through the nucleus of an enemy cell and causes invading cell to commit suicide
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perforum
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blow up cell? idk
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fibrous pericardium
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tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue - prevents overstretching, protection, anchorage
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serous pericardium
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thinner, more delicate membrane - double layer (parietal layer fused to fibrous pericardium, visceral layer also called epicardium)
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pericardial fluid
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reduced friction, secreted into pericardial cavity
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function of blood - transportation
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gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products
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function of blood - regulation
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pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure
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function of blood - protection
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clotting, white blood cells, proteins
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formed elements of blood
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(cells and cell fragments)
red blood cells, white blood cells, plateletes |
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blood plasma
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91.5% water, 8.5% solutes (primarily proteins)
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epicardium (external layer)
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epicardium - visceral layer
vsceral layer of serous pericardium -smooth, slippery texture to outermost surface |
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myocardium
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95% of heart - cardiac muscle
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plasma proteins
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albumins, fibrimogens, antibodies
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endocardium
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(inner layer) smooth lining for hcambers of heart, valves and continuous lining of large blood vessels
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other solutes in blood
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electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases, and waste products
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chambers of the heart
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2 atria (recieving chambers), 2 ventricles (pumping chambers)
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sulci
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grooves
-contain coronary blood vessels, coronary sulcus, anterial interventricular sulcus, posterior interventricular sulcus |
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auricles
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increase capacity of atria
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pluripotent stem cells
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have the ability to develop into many different types of cells
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formation of blood - negative feedback system
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red blood cells & plateletes
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stem cells in bone marrow
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reproduce themselves, proliferate and differentiate, formed elements do not divide once they leave red bone marrow (exception is lymphocytes)
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ligamentum arteriosum
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connects the two major blood vessels (connects pulmonary trunk and aorta)
-remnant of a duct that was there in fetal life) |
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right atrium recieves blood from
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superior vena cava, inferior vena cava coronary sinus
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interatrial septum has fossa ovalis
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remnant of foramen ovale, PFO
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blood from right atrium passes through..
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tricuspid valve (right trioventricular valve) into right ventricle
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in a fetal heart...
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the right atria is connected to left atria
by the foramen ovale |
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pluripotent stem cells give rise to
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myeloid stem cells & lymphoid stem cells
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PFO
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persistent foramen ovale: condition when baby is born and foramen ovale between 2 atria does not close
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myeloid stem cells give rise to
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red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils,
eosinophilsand basophils |
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formen ovale closes when..
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baby is born when baby takes first breath
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lymphoid stem cells give rise to
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lympocytes
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Glycopyrrolate
(Robinul) |
Anticholinergic/ Antisialagogue
Dries up secretions, Prevents Bradycardia Dose: Secretions: (IV) 0.004mg/kg. Prevent Brady: (IV) 0.1-0.4 mg AE: relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter. |
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right atrium recieves blood from
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superior vena cava, inferior vena cava coronary sinus
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interatrial septum has fossa ovalis
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remnant of foramen ovale, PFO
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blood from right atrium passes through..
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tricuspid valve (right trioventricular valve) into right ventricle
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in a fetal heart...
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the right atria is connected to left atria
by the foramen ovale |
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pluripotent stem cells give rise to
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myeloid stem cells & lymphoid stem cells
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PFO
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persistent foramen ovale: condition when baby is born and foramen ovale between 2 atria does not close
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myeloid stem cells give rise to
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red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils,
eosinophilsand basophils |
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formen ovale closes when..
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baby is born when baby takes first breath
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lymphoid stem cells give rise to
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lympocytes
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hemopoeitic growth factor: Erythropoietin-
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red blood cells
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auscultation
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heart sounds
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sound of heartbeat comes primarily from...
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blood turbulence and vibration caused by closing of heart valves
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lubb
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AV valves close
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dupp
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SL valves close
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# of heart sounds in each cardiac cycle
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4
but only 2 are loud enough to be heard |
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physicological/innocent murmurs
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normal murmurs that can sometime sbe heard in an athletic heart
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pathologial murmurs
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murmurs to be worried about
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CO
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volume of blood ejected from left (or right) ventricle into aorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute
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how to calculate CO
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stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)
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cardiac reserve
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difference between maximum CO and CO at rest (avg cardiac reserve 4-5 times resting value)
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3 factors ensure left and right ventricles pump equal volumes of blood
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1. preload
2. contractility 3. afterload |
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preload
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degree of stretch of the heart before it contracts
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greater preload...
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increases the force of contraction
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Frank-Starling law of the heart
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the more the heart fills with blood during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole
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contractility
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strength of contraction at any given preload
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positive inotropic agents...
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..increase contractility
-often promote calcium inflow during cardiac action potential -increase stroke volume -epinephrine, norepinephrine, digitalis |
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negative inotropic agents...
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...decrease contractility
-anoxia, acidosis, some anesthetics and increased K+ in interstitial fluid |
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afterload
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pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can open
-increase in afterload causes stroke volume to decrease (blood remains in ventricle at the end of systole) |
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cardiac output depends on...
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heart rate & stroke volume
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hypertension and atherosclerosis increase
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afterload
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adjustment in heart rate important in..
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short-term control of cardiac output and blood pressure
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autonomic nervous system (symp. and parasymp.) and epinephrine/norepinephrine..
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most important
wtf? |
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autonomic regulation originates in..
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cardiovascular center of medulla oblongata- increases or decreases frequency of nerve impulses in both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of ANS
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if you titlt head down and heart is a above head
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barrer receptors tell cardiac center to reduce pressure.. heart rate and cradiac output is reduced.
the pressure can rupture the blood vessels of the brain |
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hormones [chemical regulation]
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-epinephrine and norepinephrine increase heart rate and contractility
-thyroid hormones also increase heart rate and contractility |
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cations
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-ionic imbalance can compromise pumping effectiveness
-relative concentration of K+, CA2+ & NA+ important |
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caffeine
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-psychoactive agent- interferes with the adenosine pathway- mimics the function of adrenaline
-increases heart rate and contractility of the heart -diuretic |
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venous return
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-volume of blood flowing back to heart through systemic veins
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why does venous return occur? (3 things)
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occurs due to pressure generated by muscular activity, breathing (respiratory pump), and ventricular suction
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velocity of blood flow
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speed is INVERSELY related to crosssectional area
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velocity of blood is slowest...
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where total cross sectional area is greatest
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