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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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transportation |
The major function of the cardiovascular system is (?). Using blood as the transport vehicle, the system carries oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones, and many other substances vital for body homeostasis to and from the cells. |
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM |
The force to move the blood around the body is provided by the beating heart and by blood pressure. |
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ANATOMY: HEART |
A hollow, cone-shaped organ, approximately the size of a person’s fist and weighs less than a pound |
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ANATOMY: HEART |
It is enclosed within the medial section of the thoracic cavity or mediastinum (inferior) |
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ANATOMY: HEART |
It is flanked on each side by the lungs |
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ANATOMY: HEART APEX |
directed toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm, approximately at the level of the fifth intercostal space |
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ANATOMY: HEART BASE |
points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath the second rib |
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PERICARDIUM |
COVERINGS OF THE HEART |
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PERICARDIUM |
a sac enclosing the heart |
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Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium |
2 layers of pericardium |
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Fibrous pericardium |
protects and anchors the heart to the diaphragm and sternum |
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Serous pericardium |
inner covering of the heart |
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Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium (Epicardium) |
two layers of serous pericardium |
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Parietal pericardium |
lines the interior aspect of the heart |
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Visceral pericardium (Epicardium) |
part of the heart wall |
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PERICARDIAL CAVITY |
Lubricating serous fluid is produced by the serous pericardial membranes and collects in the (?) between these serous layers |
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Pericarditis |
Inflammation of the pericardium that often results in a decrease in the amount of serous fluid. This causes the pericardial layers to rub, bind and stick to each other, forming painful adhesions that interfere with the heart movements. |
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Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium |
3 LAYERS OF THE HEART WALLS |
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Epicardium |
visceral layer of serous pericardium |
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Myocardium |
consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle; contracting layer |
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Endocardium |
lines the heart chambers |
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Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle |
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART |
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Atriums |
receiving chambers |
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Ventricles |
discharging chambers |
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Interatrial Septum Interventricular Septum Atrioventricular Septum |
heart chambers divisions |
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Interatrial Septum |
divides the atria |
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Interventricular Septum |
divides the ventricles |
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Atrioventricular Septum |
divides the atria and ventricles |
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1. Superior vena cava (SVC) 2. Inferior vena cava (IVC) 3. Pulmonary Trunk 4. Pulmonary arteries 5. Pulmonary veins |
Great Vessels of the Heart |
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Pulmonary Circulation |
carrying of blood for gas exchange; oxygenation of blood |
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AORTA |
main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of the body |
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Systemic Circulation |
transport of oxygenated blood from left ventricle through the body tissues and back to the right atrium |
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Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Mitral valve (Bicuspid valve) |
The heart is equipped with four (4) valves: |
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Valve |
flap or cusp that acts as one-way inlet for blood coming into a ventricle and one-way outlet for blood leaving a ventricle |
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Chordae Tendinae |
“heart strings”; tiny white cords that anchor the cusps to the walls of the ventricles |
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Aortic valves (AV) |
+ tricuspid & mitral + prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract |
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Semilunar valves (SV) |
+ Pulmonary & aortic + Prevents arterial blood from reentering the heart |
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Valvular Stenosis |
Condition when valve cusps become stiff and does not close properly to backflow |
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Valvular Stenosis: Endocarditis |
due to repeated bacterial infection of the endocardium |
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Valvular Stenosis: = heart failure |
Workload of heart increases |
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Valvular Stenosis |
Tx: Synthetic valve, cryopreserved human valve or chemically treated valve from a pig heart |
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Cardiac Circulation |
Functional blood supply of the myocardium is provided by the right and left Coronary Arteries. |
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Cardiac Circulation |
Coronary arteries branch from the base of the aorta and encircles the heart at the atrioventricular groove. |
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Cardiac Circulation: Right Coronary Artery |
+ Marginal Artery + Posterior Interventricular Artery |
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Cardiac Circulation: Left Coronary Artery |
+ Anterior Interventricular Artery + Circumflex Artery |
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Cardiac Veins |
return or drain deoxygenated blood from the myocardium back to the right atrium. Most venous blood returns via the Coronary Sinus. |
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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) |
Death of oxygen-deprived heart cells |
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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) |
Myocardium receives an inadequate blood supply when the heart beats at a very rapid rate |
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Angina Pectoris |
Crushing chest pain due to an oxygen-deprived myocardium; WARNING SIGN for Myocardial Infarction (MI) or heart attack |
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6, 1,000, 1500 |
In one day, the heart pumps approx. (?) liters (L) of blood through the blood vessels over (?) times or about (?) gallons of blood in a single day. |
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Intrinsic Conduction System or Nodal System Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
Two (2) systems act to regulate heart activity |
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Intrinsic Conduction System or Nodal System |
built into the heart tissue and sets its basic rhythm. |
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
act like brakes and gas pedals to decrease or increase the heart, depending on which division is activated |
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Intrinsic Conduction System |
This system causes heart muscle depolarization in only one direction – from the atria to the ventricles. |
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Sinoatrial (SA) Node Atrioventricular (AV) bundle Bundle branches Purkinje fibers |
Intrinsic Conduction System Parts |
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Sinoatrial (SA) Node |
pacemaker of the heart; starts each heartbeat |
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Atrioventricular (AV) bundle |
bundle of His |
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Intrinsic Conduction System |
This transport of impulse results in a “wringing” contraction of the ventricles that begins at the heart apex and moves toward the atria |
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Intrinsic Conduction System |
This contraction effectively ejects blood superiorly into the large arteries leaving the heart |
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Heart block |
or “AV block” is a damage to the AV node which blocks the SA node from controlling the ventricles; beating of heart becomes slower |
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Artificial Pacemaker |
a medical device that is surgically installed in the body to generate electrical impulses to replace and/or regulate the function of the SA Node or the conducting system. |
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ISCHEMIA |
lack of adequate blood supply to the heart muscle |
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FIBRILLATION |
a rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the ventricles; causes the heart to not be able to pump any blood and so is a major cause of death from heart attack in adults |
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Tachycardia |
rapid heart rate (over 100 beats per minute) |
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Bradycardia |
slower heart rate than normal (less than 60 beats per minute) |
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60 – 100 bpm |
Normal (N) Heart Rate |
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Cardiac Cycle |
The events of one complete heartbeat, during which both atria and ventricles contract and relax |
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75 beats per minute (60s) |
Average Heart Rate |
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0.8 seconds |
Length of Cardiac Cycle |
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Systole |
heart contraction |
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Diastole |
heart relaxation |
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Systole Diastole |
These terms usually refer to the ventricles since most of the pumping work is done by them |
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1. Atrial diastole (ventricular filling) 2. Atrial Systole 3. Isovolumetric contraction 4. Ventricular systole (ejection phase) 5. Isovolumetric relaxation |
The cycle is composed of events occurring five (5) periods: |
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Atrial Diastole (Ventricular filling) |
Pressure in the heart is low |
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Atrial Diastole (Ventricular filling) |
AV Valves are open, SL valves closed |
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Atrial Diastole (Ventricular filling) |
Blood passively flows through the atria into the ventricles |
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Atrial Systole |
also known as “active ventricular filling” |
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Atrial Systole |
The atria contract, increasing atrial pressure and completing ventricular filling while the ventricles are relaxed |
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Isovolumetric Contraction |
Atrial systole ends, and ventricular systole begins |
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Isovolumetric Contraction: AV valves closed |
caused by increased intraventricularpressure |
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Isovolumetric Contraction |
SL valves closed |
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Ventricular systole (Ejection Phase) |
Ventricles continue to contract, intraventricular pressure increased |
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Ventricular systole (Ejection Phase) |
SL valves open |
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Ventricular systole (Ejection Phase) |
Blood is ejected out from the ventricles |
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Ventricular systole (Ejection Phase) |
Atria are again relaxed and filled with blood |
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Isovolumetric Relaxation |
Intraventricular pressure fails |
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Isovolumetric Relaxation |
Ventricular diastole begins |
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Isovolumetric Relaxation |
SL valves closed |
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“lub” and “dup/dub” |
When using stethoscope, you can hear two distinct sounds during each cardiac cycle. These heart sounds are often described by the two syllables (?) |
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closing of AV valves |
First Heart Sound (lub): |
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SL valves close at the end of ventricular systole |
Second Heart Sound (dup): |
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Heart Murmurs |
Abnormal or unusual heart sounds when blood flow becomes turbulent; usually due to valve problems; common and normal in young children with perfectly healthy hearts. |
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vascular |
Blood circulates inside the blood vessels, which form a closed transport system called the (?) system. |
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+ Arteries + Capillaries + Veins |
There are three (3) main types of blood vessels: |
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Tunica externa/adventitia Tunica media Tunica intima |
The walls of blood vessels have three (3) layers: |
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Tunica externa/adventitia |
outermost layer composed largely of fibrous connective tissue and functions to support and project vessels |
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Tunica media |
bulky middle layer made up of smooth muscle and elastic fibers; controlled by sympathetic nervous system (changing the diameter of the vessels) |
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Tunica intima |
lines the lumen or the interior of the vessels; form a slick surface that decrease friction as blood flows through |
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thicker |
Walls of arteries are much (?) than those veins, especially the tunica media. Arteries must be able to expand as blood is forced into them |
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larger |
Lumens of veins tend to be (?) than arteries and thicker tunica externa |
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valves |
Larger veins have (?) that prevent backflow of blood like those in the heart |
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Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels: Aorta |
largest artery of the body |
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+ Ascending aorta + Aortic arch + Thoracic aorta + Abdominal aorta |
Aorta Parts |
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Ascending Aorta |
+ (R) Coronary Artery + (L) Coronary Artery + Supplies the heart |
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) |
caused by plaque buildup in the walls of the arteries that supply blood to the heart (called coronary arteries) and other parts of the body |
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Plaque, atherosclerosis |
(?) is made up of deposits of cholesterol and other substances in the artery. Plaque buildup causes the inside of the arteries to narrow over time, which can partially or totally block the blood flow. This process called (?). |
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Brachiocephalic Trunk |
Aortic Arch Part |
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Common Carotid Artery Subclavian Artery |
Brachiocephalic Trunk parts |
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Internal Carotid Artery External Carotid Artery |
Common Carotid Artery parts |
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Internal Carotid Artery |
supplies the brain |
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External Carotid Artery |
Common Carotid Artery: skin and muscles of head and neck |
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Vertebral artery Axillary Artery Brachial Artery Radial Artery Ulnar Artery |
Subclavian Artery parts |
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Vertebral artery |
supplies the cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord |
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Brachial Artery |
arm artery |
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Radial Artery Ulnar Artery |
forearm arteries |
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CIRCLE OF WILLIS |
an anatomical structure that provides connection between arteries of the brain |
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Thoracic Aorta Abdominal Aorta |
Major Branches of the Aorta |
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Thoracic Aorta |
aorta: Arteries for trunk muscles, lungs, esophagus and diaphragm |
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Abdominal Aorta |
aorta: + Arteries for internal organs (stomach, liver, intestines, kidneys, gonads) and abdomen and lower trunk muscles + Arteries for bladder and rectum and for the entire leg. |
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veins |
Compared to arteries located in deep areas, (?) are more superficial and some are easily seen or palpated. |
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Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava |
MAJOR VEINS OF THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION |
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Superior Vena Cava |
Vena Cava: upper body (head & arms) |
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Inferior Vena Cava |
Vena Cava: lower body |
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Cephalic vein Basilic vein Median Cubital vein External Jugular vein Brachiocephalic veins Great Saphenous veins Common Iliac Vein |
Veins draining the SVC |
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Cephalic vein |
superficial drainage of the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein |
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Basilic vein |
superficial drainage of the medial aspect of the arm and empties into the brachial vein |
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Median Cubital vein |
cephalic and basilic join at the elbow (often chosen as the site for withdrawing blood for the purpose of blood testing) |
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External Jugular vein |
receives venous blood from the skin and muscles of the head |
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Brachiocephalic veins |
large veins that receive venous drainage from the subclavian, vertebral, and internal jugular veins to form the SVC |
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Great Saphenous veins |
longest veins in the body; superficial drainage of the leg |
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Common Iliac Vein |
formed by the union of external and internal iliac vein to form the IVC |
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Varicose Veins |
Enlarged, swollen, twisted veins often caused by damaged or faulty valves that allow blood to travel in the wrong direction |
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Varicose Veins |
Common factors: pooling of blood in the feet and legs and inefficient venous return resulting from inactivity or pressure on the vein |
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Varicose Veins |
Common in people who stand for long periods of time (for example, cashiers and hairdressers) and in obese (or pregnant) individuals |
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CAPILLARIES |
Smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels |
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CAPILLARIES |
Connects arteries and veins to exchange materials between blood and tissue cells |
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Arterial Pulse |
The alternating expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of the left ventricle creates a pressure wave– a pulse– that travels through the entire arterial system |
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Arterial Pulse |
(N) Pulse Rate: 60-100bpm |
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Arterial Pulse |
It can be influenced by activity, postural changes, and emotions |
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Arterial Pulse |
You can feel a pulse in any artery lying close to the body surface by compressing the artery against firm tissue; this provides an easy way of counting heart rate. |
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Radial pulse Pressure Points |
Arterial Pulses |
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Radial pulse |
radial surfaces at the wrist is routinely used to take a pulse measurement |
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Pressure Points |
specific areas compressed to stop blood flow into distal tissues during significant blood loss or hemorrhage |
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Blood Pressure |
It is the pressure of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. Arteries carry blood from your heart to other parts of your body. |
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Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure |
Blood pressure is measured using two numbers: |
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Systolic blood pressure |
measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats |
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Diastolic blood pressure |
measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats |
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Normal |
less than 120 systolic and 80 diastolic |
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Elevated |
120–129 systolic and less than 80 diastolic |
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Stage 1 hypertension |
130-139 systolic or 80-89 diastolic |
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Stage 2 hypertension |
at least 140 systolic or at least 90 diastolic |
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Hypertensive crisis |
higher than 180 systolic and/or higher than 120 diastolic |
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Hypotension |
can be 90 or less systolic, or 60 or less diastolic, but these numbers can vary because symptoms help determine when blood pressure is too low |
