Cardiovascular Physiology Part 4

Front 1

3 route solutes enter and exit capillaries by

Back 1

1. Diffusion

2. Vesicular transport

3. Mediated transport

Front 2

Diffusion into/out of capillaries

Back 2

CO2, O2, ions, as, glucose, hormones, ect.

Occurs between endothelial cells

Front 3

Vesicular transport

Back 3

Large proteins and antibodies

Occurs via transcytosis

Front 4

Transcytosis

Back 4

Endocytosis from blood into endothelial cell, then exocytosis from endothelial cell into ISF

Front 5

Mediated transport

Back 5

Requires a membrane carrier protein

Mainly used in brain

Front 6

4 pressure involved in bulk flow in/out of capillaries

Back 6

1. Blood hydrostatic pressure (bp)

2. Blood osmotic P (due to plasma proteins)

3. ISF hydrostatic P (0mmHg)

4. ISF osmotic P (due to ISF proteins)

Front 7

Net filtration pressure

Back 7

Sum of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure acting on capillary

Front 8

Edema

Back 8

Accumulation of fluid in tissue causing swelling

Front 9

Causes of Edema

Back 9

1. High BP

2. Leakage of plasma proteins into ISF

3. Decrease plasma protein (malnutrition, burns, ect.)

4. Obstruction of lymph vessles

Front 10

Elephantiasis

Back 10

Type of edema

Caused by obstruction of lymph vessels

Front 11

Circulation shock

Back 11

Caused by inadequate blood flow

(Lack of O2 and nutrients to cells)

Front 12

Types of circulatory shock

Back 12

1. Hypovolemic shock

2. Vascular shock

3. Cardiogenic shock

Front 13

Hypovolemic shock

Back 13

Low blood volume

Due to blood loss/water loss (vomiting, burns)

Hypo = low

Volemic = volume

Front 14

Vascular shock

Back 14

Blood volume normal but vessels expanded

Due to: systemic vasodilation of blood vessels

Front 15

Anaphylactic shock

Back 15

Allergic reaction that releases histamine

Causes vascular shock

Front 16

Mast cells

Back 16

Release lots of histamine durning anaphylactic shock

Front 17

Cardiogenic shock

Back 17

Pump failure (decrease CO)

Heart cant sustain blood flow

Front 18

Stages of shock

Back 18

1. Compensatory

2. Progressive

3. Irreversible

Front 19

Compensatory stage of shock

Back 19

Mechanisms can restore homeostasis by themselves by triggering SNS

Front 20

Mechanisms involved in compensatory stage

Back 20

1. Baroreceptors

2. Chemoreceptors

3. Ischemia (lack of O2) of medulla

Front 21

Lack of blood to kidney causes

Back 21

Rein release

Creating/releasing angiotensin II and aldosterone and ADH

Front 22

Progressive stage of shock

Back 22

Mechanisms inadequate to restore homeostasis

Decreases CO leads to

1. Decrease BP and cardiac activity

2. Decrease blood to brain

3. Damage to viscera (kidneys)

Front 23

Irreversible stage of shock

Back 23

Decrease CO cause too little blood to heart

Not enough blood In heart causes decrease in C

Ends in death

Front 24

Proteins in plasma

Back 24

1. Albumins (58%)

2. Globulins (38%)

3. Fibrinogen (4%)

Front 25

Functions of plasma proteins

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1. Produce osmotic pressure

2. Buffer pH (keep it from changing)

3. Transportation

4. Antibodies

5. Clot formation

Front 26

Alpha and beta globulin

Back 26

Transport lipids, metal ions, hormones

Front 27

Y (gamma) globins

Back 27

Antibodies

Front 28

Electrolytes function

Back 28

Functions:

1. Membrane excitability

2. Buffers (HCO3)

Front 29

Plasma made of

Back 29

1. Water (90.5%)

2. Proteins (7%)

3. Electrolytes

4. Other solutes

(nutrient, waste, gases, hormones)

Front 30

Red blood cells function

Back 30

1. Transport

- O2 on iron of heme

- CO2 on globin

2. Buffer (gobin bind to H+ reversibly)

3. Carbonic Anhydrase

Front 31

Carbonic Anhydrase

Back 31

Important for CO2 transport in blood

Front 32

Breakdown of heme

Back 32

Fe removed and stored (muscle, spleen, liver)

Non iron portion to bilirubin

Front 33

Bilirubin

Back 33

Non iron portion of heme

Excreted in bile from liver

Front 34

Jaundice

Back 34

Excess bilirubin in blood due to

1. Excess RBS breakdown

2. Liver dysfunction

3. Blockage of bile excretion

Front 35

Breakdown of globin

Back 35

Converted to amino acids (recycled)

Front 36

2 types of white blood cells

Back 36

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

Front 37

Types of granulocytes

Back 37

1. Neutrophils

2. Eosinophils

3. Basophils

Front 38

Neutrophils

Back 38

Phagocytic

1st to enter infected area

Front 39

Eosiniphils

Back 39

Attack parasites

Break down chemicals released in a allergic reaction

Front 40

Basophils

Back 40

Secrete histamine (increase inflammation)

Secrete heparin (inhibits local clotting)

Front 41

2 types of agranulocytes

Back 41

1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes

- T lymphocytes

- B lymphocytes

- natural killer cells

Front 42

Monocytes

Back 42

Enter tissue, enlarge to become phagocytic macrophages

Front 43

2 types of T lymphocytes

Back 43

2 types

1. Helper

2. cytotoxic

Front 44

B lymphocytes

Back 44

When active create plasma cells and secrete antibodies

Front 45

Natural killer cells

Back 45

Attack foreign cells and abnormal cells