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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is Arteriosclerosis?
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Chronic disease of the arterial system
Abnormal thickening and hardening of the vessel walls Smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers migrate to the tunica intima |
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what is Atherosclerosis
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Form of arteriosclerosis
Thickening and hardening is caused by accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in the arterial wall Plaque development |
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How does Atherosclerosis progress?
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Progression
Inflammation of endothelium Cellular proliferation Macrophage migration LDL oxidation (foam cell formation) Fatty streak Fibrous plaque Complicated plaque |
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What Is primary hypertension?
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Essential or idiopathic hypertension
Genetic and environmental factors Affects 90% to 95% of individuals with hypertension |
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What is secondary Hypertension?
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Caused by a systemic disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output
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What is Isolated systolic hypertension
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Elevations of systolic pressure are caused by increases in cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance, or both
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What is Complicated hypertension?
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Chronic hypertensive damage to the walls of systemic blood vessels
Smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia with fibrosis of the tunica intima and media |
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What is Malignant Hypertension
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Rapidly progressive hypertension
Diastolic pressure is usually >140 mm Hg |
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What is Coronary Artery disease?
What is the Major cause of CAD? |
Any vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries
Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of CAD |
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What are the risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease?
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Dyslipidemia
Hypertension Cigarette smoking Diabetes mellitus Obesity/sedentary lifestyle |
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What are the non-traditional risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease
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Markers of inflammation and thrombosis
C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, protein C, and plasminogen activator inhibitor Hyperhomocysteinemia Infection |
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What is myocardial ischemia?
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A type of CAD in which Local, temporary deprivation of the coronary blood supply
Stable angina Prinzmetal angina Silent ischemia Angina pectoris |
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What are examples of Acute coronary syndromes?
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Transient ischemia
Unstable angina Sustained ischemia Myocardial infarction Myocardial inflammation and necrosis |
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What is Myocardial Infarction?
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Sudden and extended obstruction of the myocardial blood supply
Subendocardial infarction Transmural infarction |
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What stages of the myocardial infarction?
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Cellular injury
Cellular death Structural and functional changes Myocardial stunning Hibernating myocardium Myocardial remodeling Repair |
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What is the disorders of the pericardium? (Disorders of the heart wave?)
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Acute pericarditis
Pericardial effusion Tamponade Constrictive pericarditis |
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What are disorders of the Endocardium?
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Valvular dysfunction
Valvular stenosis Aortic stenosis Mitral stenosis Valvular regurgitation Aortic regurgitation Mitral regurgitation Tricuspid regurgitation Mitral valve prolapse syndrome |
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What is Infective Endocarditis?
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Inflammation of the endocardium
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What are the agents of Infective Endocarditis?
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Bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae, and parasites
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What are the pathogenesis of Infective Endocarditis?
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Prepared” endocardium
Blood-borne microorganism adherence Proliferation of the microorganism |
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What are the cardiac complications of AIDS
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Myocarditis
Endocarditis Pericarditis Cardiomyopathy |
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What is heart failure?
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General term used to describe several types of cardiac dysfunction that result in inadequate perfusion of tissues with blood-borne nutrients
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What is systolic heart failure?
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Inability of the heart to generate adequate cardiac output to perfuse tissues
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What is diastolic heart failure?
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Pulmonary congestion despite normal stroke volume and cardiac output
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Describe is right heart failure
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Most commonly caused by a diffuse hypoxic pulmonary disease
Can result from an increase in left ventricular filling pressure that is reflected back into the pulmonary circulation |
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Describe High-output failure
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Inability of the heart to supply the body with blood-borne nutrients, despite adequate blood volume and normal or elevated myocardial contractility: Anemia, Septicemia,
Hypethyroidism. |
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Describe Dysrhythmias
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Disturbance of the heart rhythm
Range from occasional “missed” or rapid beats to severe disturbances that affect the pumping ability of the heart Can be caused by an abnormal rate of impulse generation or abnormal impulse conduction Examples: Tachycardia, flutter, fibrillation, bradycardia, premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), premature atrial contractions (PACs), asystole |
