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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When the blood shunts from the aorta to the pulmonary artery and this shunt fails to close at birth, this is termed _______.
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Patent ductus arteriosus
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Pulmonary hypertension caused by left to right shunts is called:
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Eisenmenger's Syndrowm
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What is the most common cause of congestive heart failure?
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Hypertension
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What is the most common cause of chronic valve disease?
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Rheumatic fever
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What would cause the medial end of the clavicle to project at the level of T5-T6 on a PA chest radiograph?
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If the patient is leaning in towards the bucky
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The middle muscular layer of arteries and veins is called:
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media
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In a PA chest radiograph, the heart lying to the right of midline is composed mainly of:
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Right atrium
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In a PA chest radiograph, the heart lying to the left of midline is composed mainly of:
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Left ventricle
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The sac which contains a small amount of fluid (to reduce friction of the beating heart) and the heart itself is called:
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Pericardial sac
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Which imaging procedure allows for interventional processes?
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angiography
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The right lung receives ___% of blood pumping from the heart.
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60%
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The left lung receives ___% of blood pumping from the heart.
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40%
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Which vessels fill during diastole?
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Coronary arteries
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Which part of the heart is demonstrated with a lateral position?
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Left atrium, right ventricle
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What is the inner layer of the heart tissue?
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Endocardium
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What is the outer layer of the heart tissue?
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Epicardium
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Describe systole.
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Contraction of ventricles
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Describe diastole.
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Ventricles at rest, coronary arteries receive blood
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What is the middle layer of the circulatory vessels called?
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Media
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What is the outermost layer of the circulatory vessels called?
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Adventitia
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What is the innermost layer of the circulatory vessels called?
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Intima
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Valves in the veins are made up of which type of cells?
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Endothelial cells
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Where does exchange take place in the circulatory vessels?
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Capillaries
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What stage on an EKG represents contraction of atria and beginning of depolarization?
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P wave
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What stage on an EKG represents the time from beginning of atrial contraction to beginning of ventricular contraction (time from SA node to ventricles)
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P-R Interval
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What stage on an EKG represents ventricular contraction?
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QRS Complex
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What stage on an EKG represents the time between ventricular contraction and recovery?
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S-T segment
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What stage on an EKG represents ventricular recovery (repolarization)?
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T Wave
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What stage on an EKG would indicate metabolic interference with conduction?
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U wave
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Which stage on an EKG represents the spread of electrical activity from the SA node to the ventricles?
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P-R Interval
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Swelling of the ankles is a common complaint from patients experiencing :
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Right sided heart failure
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What is the most common cause of left sided heart failure?
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Hypertension
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An area of ischemic necrosis is called :
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infarct
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Coronary artery disease is responsible for over ___% of annual deaths in the U.S.
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30%
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What is the term for enlargement of the heart?
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cardiomegaly
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What type of imaging involves the patient swallowing a mobile, flexible probe containing a transducer to image the heart?
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Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
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What type of imaging uses a stationary ultrasound beam to provide an examination of the atria, ventricles, heart valves, and aortic root, allowing evaluation of left ventricular function?
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M-Mode echocardiography
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What type of imaging allows for spatially correct, real-time imaging of the heart that provides multiple tomographic projections of the heart and great vessels?
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2-D echocardiography
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What is the most widely used procedure in nuclear cardiology?
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myocardial perfusion scan
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Gated cardiac blood pool scans are also called:
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radionuclide ventriculograms
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What is the purpose of gated cardiac blood pool scans?
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To evaluate ventricular function and ventricular wall motion
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__________ is a procedure in which a high intensity anticoagulant, such as streptokinase, is dripped over a period of hours directly onto a clot to dissolve it.
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Thrombolysis
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What procedure uses devices such as coils to clot off vessels?
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Embolization
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In what procedure is a catheter used to connect the jugular vein to the portal vein to reduce the flow of blood through a diseased liver?
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TIPSS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt)
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Although the ductus arteriosus may close normally at birth, a narrowing of the aorta may occur at the junction site. This is called:
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Coarctation of the aorta
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What is the most common type of congenital heart defect?
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Atrial septal defect
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What is an atrial septal defect?
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If the foramen ovale does not close at birth, an opening remains between the right and left atria
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Which septal defects are most serious and why?
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Ventricular because there is greater pressure difference between the ventricles than the atria
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Describe transposition of great vessels.
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The aorta arises from the right ventricle instead of the left ventricle and the pulmonary trunk arises from the left ventricle instead of the right.
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Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four defects. Name them.
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pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle.
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The "boot sign" indicates:
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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The heart chamber located most anteriorly and forming the anterior border of the cardiac shadow on a lateral chest xray is:
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Right ventricle
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The bicuspid valve is also known as:
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Left atrioventricular valve
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Contraction of the myocardium is termed:
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systole
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How many posterior ribs should be seen on a PA chest xray?
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10
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In a fetus the ductus arteriosus connects which two structures?
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Aorta and pulmonary trunk
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A condition in which the left ventricle cannot pump an amount of blood equal to the venous return of the right ventricle is:
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Left-sided congestive heart failure
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What are risk factors associated with atherosclerosis?
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Hypertension and cigarette smoking
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A decrease in tissue blood supply is termed:
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Ischemia
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The single most frequent cause of death in the US is:
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Coronary artery disease
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What are some clinical signs of a myocardial infarction?
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Shortness of breath, crushing chest pain, neck pain
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Aortic aneurysms most commonly occur in the:
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abdominal aorta below the level of the renal arteries
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What imaging procedures may be used to demonstrate an abdominal aneurysm?
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Angiography, CT, ultrasound
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Venous thrombosis most often occurs in the:
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deep veins in the lower extremeties
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These aneurysms are "berry" shaped.
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Saccular
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What type of aneurysm includes the entire circumference of the vessel?
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Fusiform
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What type of aneurysm occurs when the intima tears away from the media creating a flap that causes blood to clot?
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Dissecting
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What type of aneurysm is common to occur in the aorta?
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Dissecting
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Where do fusiform aneurysms commonly occur?
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Abdomen
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Where do saccular aneurysms usually occur?
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Cerebral artery
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___% of aortic aneurysms occur in the abdomen.
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75%
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Aneurysms larger than ____ require surgical repair.
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6 cm
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The majority of AAA's occur where?
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Below the renal arteries
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When a clot detaches and enters the bloodstream it is called :
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an embolus
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Pulmonary emboli usually originate:
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in the lower extremeties
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Fat emboli are possible from:
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skeletal fracture
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Stasis of blood causes :
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varicose veins
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___________ is the leading cause of strokes and congestive heart failure.
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Hypertension/high blood pressure
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What is blood pressure?
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Blood pressure is function of cardiac output and peripheral resistance
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What is considered elevated BP for 40 and under?
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140/90 considered elevated for 40 and under
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What causes pericardial effusion?
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bacteria, viruses, neoplasm, idiopathic
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___% of patients that have a pulmonary embolism will have another.
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50%
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What is referred to as the "silent killer"?
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Hypertension
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What is the ideal BP for those 40 years and younger?
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120/80
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The cardiovascular system is really made up of two systems. Name them.
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Pulmonary and systemic
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What is the imaging modality of choice for patent ductus arteriosus?
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Echocardiography
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What is the imaging modality of choice for coarction of teh aorta?
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echocardiography, CXR
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What is the imaging modality of choice for septal defects?
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Echocardiography, CXR, cardiac catheterization
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What is the imaging modality of choice for transposition of great vessels?
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Echocardiography and cardiac catheterization
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What is the imaging modality of choice for Teralogy of Fallot?
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Echocardiography and CXR
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What is the imaging modality of choice for valvular disease?
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Echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, CXR
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What is the imaging modality of choice for CHF?
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CXR
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What is the imaging modality of choice for COR pulmonale?
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Echo, Nuc Med cardiac studies, CXR
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What is the imaging modality of choice for atherosclerosis?
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Ultrasound and angiography
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What is the imaging modality of choice for coronary artery disease?
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Echo, nuc med cardiac studies, CT
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What is the imaging modality of choice for myocardial infarction?
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cardiac catheterization, nuc med cardiac studies
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What is the imaging modality of choice for aneurysms?
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Ultrasound, MRI, CT
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What is the imaging modality of choice for venous thrombosis?
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Ultrasound
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What is the imaging modality of choice for pulmonary embolism?
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CT, nuc med, angiography
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What is the term for inflammation of a vein?
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Phlebitis
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What is the term for blood clots in a vein?
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Venous thrombosis
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In the emergency room, your patient has been in a serious snowboarding accident. Which exam would be first in your list of priorities?
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chest xray
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_________ are sometimes used in reducing varicose veins.
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Sclerosing agents
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Which part of an EKG waveform indicates ventricular depolarization and contraction?
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QRS wave
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Therapeutic intervention which involves expansion of a balloon within the blood vessel to reopen the lumen of the vessel is referred to as:
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Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
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Which segment of an ECG represents the recovery or repolarization of the ventricles?
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T wave
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In fetal circulation, that hole in the atrial septum allowing blood to move from right atria to left atria without traveling through the pulmonary system is called:
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Foramen ovale
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The outer most layer of vessels is:
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Adventitia
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The most common site for thrombus formation is:
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lower extremity vein
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One form of treatment for aneurysm, provided in the interventional angiographic suite involves introduction of clotting devices. This procedure is called:
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Embolization
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Edema, both pulmonary and lower extremity may be a symptom of:
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Valvular disease
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That congenital pathology which creates two closed vascular systems, systems that do not communicate or share blood with one another is:
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Transposition
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Direction of blood flow through cardiac congenital defects is based on pressure differences. In post partum circulation, what is most common?
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Left to right
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Hypertension may be a result of other ongoing pathologies like diabetes or adrenal abnormalities. This type of hypertension is referred to as:
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Secondary
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Identify that inflammatory condition (frequently streptococcal) which creates valvular degeneration.
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Rheumatic fever
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Most arteries fill upon contraction of the ventricles, however the _______ arteries fill as the ventricles relax.
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Coronary
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What are contraindications for angiography?
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impaired renal function
contrast allergy blood clotting disorders unstable cardiac status |
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Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood into the lungs?
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Pulmonary artery
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One of the serious complications in angiography results from guidewire or catheter moving between intima and media creating:
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Dissection
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Filters, to halt the movement of emboli. are most commonly placed in the _________
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Inferior vena cava
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Which term is used to describe “hardening of the arteries”?
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Atherosclerosis
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Factors contributing to pericardial effusion are:
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Bacterial or viral infection
Neoplastic changes Idiopathic anomalies |
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That modality which provides a less invasive method of obtaining angiograms, based on imaging fluid changes within the vessel is:
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MRA
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Which congenital cardiovascular anomalies results in pulmonary hypertension based on increased blood to the pulmonary system?
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Patent ductus arteriosus
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The most easily treated aneurysm is:
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Saccular
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The lateral chest X-ray will give us a good silhouette of the heart. What part of the heart is evaluated in the lateral image?
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Right ventricle, left atrium
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That congenital condition which decreased blood supply to the abdomen and lower extemities but allows unimpeded flow to the upper extremities is:
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Coarction
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Because of the importance of blood supply to this organ, it's arteries are the first to branch off the aorta. Identify the vessels.
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Coronary
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Valves of the heart are made up of:
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Endocardium
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________ makes up the innermost tissue layer of the heart.
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Endocardium
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The preferred approach (vascular access) in interventional arteriography is:
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Femoral artery
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