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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four layers of the heart - inner to outer?
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Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium and the heart is surrounded by the Pericardium.
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What does the vascular system comprise of?
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Arteries
Veins Capillaries |
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What does the SA node do?
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It is the "pacemaker" of the heart initiating the electrical impulse that makes the heart contract.
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Describe Systole:
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the pumping CONTRAACTION of the blood out of the heart through the ventricles.
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Describe Diastole:
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to dilate or expand - the time during which the hearts chambers RELAX and fill with blood.
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What is BP?
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BP is the force of blood against the walls of arteries. Systole = as the heart beats over Diastole = as the heart relaxes between contractions.
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What is the equation for BP?
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BP= CO X SVR
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What is cardiac output?
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The amount of blood pumped per ventricle in 1 minute.
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What is Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)?
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Forces, such as the small arteries & arterioles that oppose the bloods movement.
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What is preload?
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The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (filling). Preload determines the amount of stretch placed on myocardial fibers.
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What is afterload?
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Peripheral resistance against which the L ventricle must pump.
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What does the SNS do in relation to regulating the cardiovascular system?
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SNS increases HR, increases the speed of the impulse through the AV node and increases the force of atrial and ventricular contractions.
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What does the PNS do in relation to regulating the cardiovascular system?
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PSN counteracts the SNS - decreases HR and slowing of the conduction through the AV node.
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What are baroreceptors?
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Receptors that are sensitive to stretch & pressure. Their stimulation results in temporary inhibition of SNS = decreased HR and peripheral vasodilation. Decreased arterial pressure results in the opposite. (incr. HR and vasoconstriction)
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Where are baroreceptors located?
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In the arch of aorta and carotid sinus.
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What are Chemoreceptors?
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Nerves located in the aortic arch & carotid sinus that sense changes in O2, pH or CO2 levels in the blood. When stimulated they increase cardiac activity.
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What is responsible for affecting both HR & BP?
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Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors |
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What are the leading causes of death among the elderly in North America?
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CAD (coronary artery disease)
Atherosclerosis |
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What does an increase in age lead to? (cardiac effects)
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Increase in collagen in the heart but a decrease in elastin, thus changing the contractility of the heart. As collagen degenerates, lipids build up & calcify in the aortic and mitral valves.
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What are the five ausculatory areas for a thorax assessment (of the heart)?
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aortic
pulmonic erb's point tricuspid mitral |
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What is some subjective data for a cardiovascular assessment?
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Past & present hx. of SOB, chest pain, syncope, edema, tobacco, ETOH, CVA, OTC drugs, herbals, steroids, illicit druge use.
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What are some objective findings for a cardiovascular assessment?
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Visual assessment, VS, PE, diagnostic & lab studies.
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Which heart sound would you hear in a patient w/CAD?
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S4
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What is a CXR for?
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Chest x-ray - indicates heart size &/or possibility of increased fluid surrounding the heart.
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What is a ECG for?
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Electrocardiogram - assesses cardiac function through electrical conductivity study (pqrst waves).
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What is an echocardiogram for?
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Visualization of the heart through ultrasound.
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What is an Exercise Treadmill Test for?
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It evaluates cardiac function through exercise testing.
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What is the most common nuclear cardiac test?
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Cardiolite (sestamibi) - evaluates blood flow in different parts of the heart.
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What does the PET do for cardiac testing?
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Distiniguishes viable from nonviable myocardial tissue.
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What is perfusion imaging?
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This may be used w/exercise testing but if exercise is not tolerated, Persantine is given to stimulate vessels and the effects of exercise on the heart. No caffeine/theophylline can be given w/in 12hrs.
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Name an invasive study regarding cardiac testing:
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Cardiac catheterization.
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