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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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smooth muscle, glands, organs doe have CNS components and peripheral muscle components |
autonomic nervous system |
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autonomic nervous system has dual innervation by (2) |
sympathetic system parasympathetic system |
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actual neurotransmitter for the sympathetic system present at nerve endings and in the adrenal medulla |
norepinephrine |
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hormone from adrenal medulla affects many receptors |
epinephrine |
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in brain primarily precursor to norepinephrine |
dopamine |
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monamine neurotransmitter can stimulate vomiting |
serotonin |
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Serotonin is made from amino acid tryptophan in the _____ |
CNS and GIT |
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serotonin can modulate _____ |
mood and body temperature |
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cholinergic rest and digest |
Parasympathetic system |
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also in organs and tissues |
muscarinic receptor |
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also in muscle |
nicotinic |
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Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors |
Acetylcholine |
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increase in BP Increase in HR broncho dilate increase blood supply to heart and brain |
epinephrine release |
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decrease BP vaso dilate gut and kidney decrease HR broncho constrict |
Acetylcholine release |
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drugs with the same action |
mimetics |
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drugs with opposite action |
lytics |
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PVC |
premature ventricular contraction |
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v-fib |
ventricular fibrillation |
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a-fib |
atrial fibrillation |
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Na channel blockers so nerves cannot depolarize quickly IV bolus or infusion Used for PCV |
Lidocaine Neat |
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lidocaine neat can cause side effects in __ |
CNS |
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small overdose of lidocaine |
sedation |
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large overdose of lidocaine |
seizures |
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human drug same family as lidocaine oral used for A-fib |
Procainamide and Quinidine |
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block beta 1 receptors so blocks the CNS end in olol slow depolarization of heart slow HR Propanolol |
B1 Blockers |
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human drug newer B1 blocker- more specific for heart less bronchoconstriction |
Carvedilol |
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calcium channel blocker cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
Diltiazem |
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cation for all negative inotropes |
dont use in congestive heart failure |
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increase strength of contraction of heart by increasing availability of calcium |
Positive Inotropes |
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stimulates mor a and b receptors used for cardiac standstill very short half life |
epinephrine |
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Inotropin more selective than epinephrine stimulates myocardial contractions some CNS stimulation |
Dopamine |
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Problems with dopamine 2 |
short half life downregulation |
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heart decreases number of B receptors and is less responsive over time |
Downregulation |
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Acts as both a vasodilator and a positive inotrope treats CHF due to dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs vetmedin |
Pimobendan |
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not a true inotrope parasympatholytic drug blocks parasympathetic effect on the heart reverse slow HR and slow conduction treat B blocker OD |
Atropine |
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Reverse vasoconstriction by blocking alpha-receptors or the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone systemStart off slowly or can cause hypotension – seen as lethargy, ataxia, syncope |
vasodilators |
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Used to treat secondary hypertension in cats with hyperthyroid, chronic renal disease, or diabetes mellitusClassified as a calcium channel blocker so get relaxation of smooth muscle lining the arterioles |
Amlodipine |
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AMlodipine, Hydralazine |
arterial vasodilator |
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nitroglycerin |
venodilator |
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enapril, benzepril, imidapril |
Mixed vasodilators |
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Causes arteriolar smooth muscle to relaxUsed to treat congestive heart failure (CHF) |
Hydralazine |
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Used to treat pulmonary edema from CHF as well as dilates coronary arterioles so improves blood flow to myocardiumSignificant first pass effect so not given POApplied as a topical cream or transdermal patch |
Nitroglycerin |
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nitroglycerin is applied to the ___ must use gloves |
pinna of ear |
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used to treat CHF in dogs.Drugs often end in “pril”Vasoconstriction is primary reason for increased load on the heart in CHF.ACE inhibitors slow the production of angiotensin II |
ACE inhibitor |
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we will see ___ with ace inhibitors |
hyperkalemia |
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Enalapril Benazepril Imidapril |
Ace inhibitors |
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remove excess fluid (mostly water) by increasing water loss in urine |
diuretics |
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Diuretics are used to treat ___ from CHF or cerebral edema |
pulmonary edema |
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diuretics work by either (2) |
preventing reabsorption of na or k Increasing secretion of na or k |
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loop diuretic prevents reabsorption of na |
furosamide |
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Problems with furosamide (2) |
K loss effecting heart function ototoxicity |
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inhibit reabsorption of Na and ClNa will be reabsorbed in exchange for K so can also get hypokalemia |
Thiazide diuretics |
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also has dexamethasone for inflammation injection for cattle and horses |
Naquasone |
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carb (sugar) osmotic diuretic cerebral edema |
mannitol |
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Interferes with platelet clumping Spontaneous formation of platelet plugs (thrombi) occur in cardiomyopathies will prevent formation of thrombi which prevents emboli breaking off and going to brain (stroke) or to the heart muscle (myocardial infarcts) |
Acetylsalicylic acid |
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Sympathomimetic Agent = α adrenergicEg. Phenylpropanolamine - - Propalin® stimulates the urethral sphincter muscleused in spayed female dogstake care not to use with cardiovascular drugs such as β blockers or atropine |
Urinary incontinence |
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side effects of Propalin 4 |
behavioral cardiovascular vomit/diarrhea seizures |
