Cardiovascular Disease, Arrhythmias And Acid-Base Disorders

Front 1

Normal saline (0.9%) amounts to ____ meq/l.

Back 1

154 meq/l

Front 2

Knowing that normal saline in 0.9% and 154 meq/l, what is the concentration of 3% saline?

Back 2

3% saline is equal to (0.9/154=3/x) X= 513 meq/l

Front 3

The normal range of sodium concentration in the blood is_________.

Back 3

135–145 mEq/L.

Front 4

The equation for calculating serum osmolality is?

Back 4

2 (Na+) + BUN/2.8 + Glucose/18 + ethanol/4.3

Front 5

The Osmolal Gap = ?

Back 5

Osmolality (measured) – Osmolality (calculated).

Front 6

An osmolar gap greater than ____ is generally recognized as requiring additional investigation.

Back 6

10 mOsm/L

Front 7

Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium level below _______.

Back 7

135 meq/L

Front 8

In persons with normal kidney function the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) is approximately _______.

Back 8

1% to 3%

Front 9

The equation for calculating FENA is?

Back 9

FENa = [(UNa x SCr) / (UCr x SNa)] x 100

Front 10

Less than _____ FENa indicates pre-renal fluid loss.

Back 10

1%

Front 11

FENa greater than ____ indicates diuresis and possibly kidney disease.

Back 11

1%

Front 12

BP and HR are normal but urine osmolality is greater than 100 mOsm/ and any of the following signs exist:malaise, psychosis, seizure and coma.

Back 12

Euvolemic hyponatremia

Front 13

Euvolemic hyponatremia is usually due to generally due to?

Back 13

Increased ADH action (increased sensitivity)

Front 14

Never treat isovolemic hyponatremia with?

Back 14

Thiazide diuretics

Front 15

Hypernatremia (serum sodium >145 mEq/L) is always associated with?

Back 15

Hypertonicity resulting from from a deficit of water relative to sodium content.

Front 16

True or false, hypernatremia is caused by a decrease in total body sodium that is less than the decrease in total body water.

Back 16

True.

Front 17

HYPOvolemic HYPERnatremia is casued by?

Back 17

Acute/chronic renal failure (sodium accumulation), drugs (loop diuretics, laxatives, mannitol) and glycosuria

Front 18

Hypocalcemia is defined as?

Back 18

Less than 8.5 mg/dL

Front 19

Hypercalcemia (total serum calcium >10.5 mg/dL) may be induced by a multitude of causes. The most common causes of hypercalcemia are?

Back 19

Cancer and primary hyperparathyroidism.

Front 20

Normal serum phosphorus concentration in the adult is?

Back 20

2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL

Front 21

The normal serum concentration range for potassium is?

Back 21

3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L

Front 22

The intracellular potassium concentration is usually about?

Back 22

140 mEq/L.

Front 23

The earliest electrocardiographic manifestation of hyperkalemia
is an increase in the rate of ventricular repolarization, which results in?

Back 23

Peaking of the T wave; occurs at serum potassium concentrations of ≈5.5 to 6 mEq/L

Front 24

The normal range for serum magnesium is?

Back 24

1.4 to 1.8 mEq/L

Front 25

Hypomagnesemia is usually associated with disorders of the?

Back 25

Intestinal tract or kidney.

Front 26

Three mechanisms collectively maintain acid-base balance. These are?

Back 26

Eextracellular buffering, ventilatory regulation of carbon dioxide elimination, and renal regulation of hydrogen ion and bicarbonate excretion.

Front 27

In metabolic acid-base disorders, the primary disturbance is in the?

Back 27

Plasma bicarbonate concentration.

Front 28

Normal serum bicarbonate concentration?

Back 28

HC03=22-26 meq/l

Front 29

Normal carbon dioxide concentration is?

Back 29

PC02= 25-45 mmHg

Front 30

pH 7.29, pCO2 58 mmHg = ?

Back 30

Respiratory Acidosis

Front 31

pH 7.55, pCO2 22 mmHg = ?

Back 31

Respiratory Alkalosis

Front 32

pH 7.55, HCO3 39 mEq/L= ?

Back 32

Metabolic Alkalosis

Front 33

pH 7.25, HCO3 12 mEq/L= ?

Back 33

Metabolic Acidosis

Front 34

The normal serum range for chloride is?

Back 34

97 to 107 mEq/L

Front 35

Chloride responsive metabolic alkalosis occurs when bicarbonate increases and urinary chloride ________?

Back 35

is < 25 meq/L

Front 36

The respiratory response to metabolic alkalosis is?

Back 36

Hypoventilation

Front 37

Hypoventilation results in an increased ?

Back 37

PaCO2

Front 38

The equation for anion gap is?

Back 38

SAG = [Na+] − [Cl−] − [HCO−3 ]

Front 39

Causes of Anion Gap Acidosis: A MUD PIE?

Back 39

Aspirin
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetes
Paraldehyde
Infection/Ischemia
Ehtylene Glycol

Front 40

Causes of Non-Anion Gap Acidosis:ACCRUED?

Back 40

Ammonia Chloride
Chloride containing fluids
Cholestyramine
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Urine diverted to bowel
Endocrine disorders
Diarrhea

Front 41

Cardiac pacemaker?

Back 41

SA node

Front 42

The automatic (pacemaker cells) are dependent on ____________?

Back 42

Calcium influx.

Front 43

P-Wave?

Back 43

Electrical vector from the SA node towards the AV node.

Front 44

QRS?

Back 44

Depolarization of the ventricles

Front 45

A PR interval of over 200 ms may indicate?

Back 45

A PR interval of over 200 ms may indicate a first degree heart block.

Front 46

Normal PR interval?

Back 46

120 to 200 ms long

Front 47

Normal ST segment?

Back 47

The typical ST segment duration is usually around 0.08 sec (80 ms). It should be essentially level with the PR and TP segment.

Front 48

ST segment depression indicates?

Back 48

Ischemia

Front 49

ST segment elevation indicates?

Back 49

Miocardial Infarction

Front 50

The T wave represents?

Back 50

Repolarization (or recovery) of the ventricles.

Front 51

Ectopic focci?

Back 51

AV nodal impulses

Front 52

Cause of automatic tachycardia?

Back 52

Spontaneous action potential from ectopic focci.

Front 53

Irregular of absent P waves represent?

Back 53

atrial fibrillation

Front 54

Sawtoothed pattern on the EKG?

Back 54

atrial flutter

Front 55

Rate control in arrhythmia treatment is accomplished with?

Back 55

Beta-blockers and CCBs

Front 56

The main disadvantage of BBs and CCBs in rate control is?

Back 56

Reduction in exercise tolerance.

Front 57

Anti-arrhythmia agent of choice when there is an accessory pathway?

Back 57

Amiodorone

Front 58

Giving an anti-arrhythmic is the same as cardio converting the patient. What must accompany cardioversion?

Back 58

Anticoagulation therapy with warfarin.

Front 59

What Is The Greatest Risk With Atrial Fibrilation?

Back 59

Thromboembolic stroke

Front 60

Preferred agent for ventricular tachycardia?

Back 60

Amiodorone