Cardiovascular, Cardiac Cycle And Heart Sounds

Front 1

which stage of the cardiac cycle corresponds with the QRS peak in the EKG?

Back 1

Isovolumic Contraction Phase

Front 2

which cardiac cycle phase does this describe?

Rise in ventricular pressure following atrial contraction.

Back 2

Isovolumic Contraction Phase

Front 3

what causes the first heart sound?

Back 3

movement of blood against the atrio-ventricular valves

Front 4

why is there an increase in atrial and aortic pressure during the Isovolumic Contraction Phase?

Back 4

because as the pressure builds the valve bulge into the atria and aorta causing increased pressure in these areas

Front 5

what causes the venous "c" pulse?

Back 5

the pressure from the pushing of the tricuspid valve up into the atria during the Isovolumic Contraction Phase is transmitted to the venous return

Front 6

the end of the Isovolumic Contraction Phase is marked by what?

Back 6

ventricular pressure reaching aortic pressure

Front 7

what marks the beginning of the rapid ejection phase?

Back 7

the ventricular pressure exceeding the aortic pressure causing the semilunar valves to open

Front 8

after the semilunar valve opens describe the pressure change in the ventricle?

Back 8

it continues to increase and is mirrored by the aortic pressure

Front 9

which cardiac cycle phase does this describe?

Sharp fall in ventricular blood volume and a sudden increase in aortic blood flow?

Back 9

rapid ejection phase

Front 10

which two cardiac cycle phases correspond to the "c" pulse?

Back 10

rapid ejection and isovolumic contraction phases

Front 11

describe the reduced ejection phase?

Back 11

the blood flow from the ventricle reduces and maximum contraction is reached and a slow reduction in pressure is seen in the ventricle and aorta.

Front 12

what is the blood remaining in the ventricle after it has completed the ejection phase called?

Back 12

residual volume

Front 13

if the residual volume is equal or greater than the stroke volume what can be said for the heart?

Back 13

it is beginning or already is failing

Front 14

if the residual volume is less than the stroke volume what can be said for the heart?

Back 14

it is a normally functioning heart as far as the amount of blood being expelled

Front 15

what marks the beginning of the isovolumic relaxation phase?

Back 15

closing of the semilunar valves, as aortic pressure exceeds ventricular pressure

Front 16

during which phase of the cardiac cycle is the second heart sound heard?

Back 16

the isovolumic relaxation phase

Front 17

what phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to the T wave of the electrocardiogram?

Back 17

the isovolumetric relaxation phase

Front 18

what is responsible for the venous "v" pulse?

Back 18

atrial filling backs up venous return increasing venous blood pressure

Front 19

what marks the end of the isovolumic relaxation phase?

Back 19

opening of the atrioventricular valves

Front 20

which phase is initiated upon the opening of the mitral and tricuspid valves?

Back 20

the rapid ventricular filling phase

Front 21

describe the pressure changes seen in the atria and ventricles during the the rapid ventricular filling phase?

Back 21

both areas experience a pressure drop as blood moves from the atria to the ventricles (seems kinda wrong cause the ventricles are filling, but remember that while the valves are open the areas they connect share pressure changes)

Front 22

what causes the third heartbeat that can sometimes be heard?

Back 22

blood rushing into the heart hitting the residual volume in the ventricles

Front 23

under what condition will it be most likely a third heart sound will be observed?

Back 23

when the residual volume of the heart is high

Front 24

what is another name for the third heart sound?

Back 24

a diastolic gallop

Front 25

what is the cardiac phase which is reduced during rapid HR?

Back 25

diastases (reduced ventricular filling stage)

Front 26

what phase of the cardiac cycle begins with the peak of the P-wave in an EKG?

Back 26

atrial systole phase

Front 27

what results in the venous "a" pulse?

Back 27

atrial systole

Front 28

what causes the 4th heart sound?

Back 28

small vibrations caused by atrial systole

Front 29

while atrial systole is not essential for ventricular filling, when does it become most important?

Back 29

during increased HR when the diastasis (reduced ventricular filling phase is reduced)

Front 30

what is the pathology of Aortic stenosis?

Back 30

flaps of the aorta are fused due to scarring which decreases the crossectional area for blood to leave the left ventricle into the aorta

Front 31

what is the halmark sign of aortic stenosis?

Back 31

the ventricular pressure greatly exceeds the aortic pressure when the aortic valve is open

Front 32

what does a aortic stenosis sound like?

Back 32

sustained blowing murmur that is heard throughout ventricular systole

Front 33

what murmur would be associated with this pathology?

Back 33

aortic stenosis

Front 34

What pathological process leads to this result?

Back 34

Aortic Stenosis

Front 35

What pathological process could lead to this result?

Back 35

aortic regurgitation

Front 36

What pathological process could lead to this result?

Back 36

Mitral valve regurgitation

Front 37

What pathological process could lead to this result?

Back 37

Mitral valve stenosis

Front 38

what is the hallmark feature of mitral stenosis?

Back 38

atrial pressure greatly exceeds ventricular pressure during diastole when the mitral valve is open

Front 39

what is heard with a mitral valve stenosis?

Back 39

low blwoing murmur that begins midway through diastole and is loudest with atrial systole

Front 40

what is the hallmark feature of aortic regurgitation?

Back 40

An unusualy drop in aortic pressure during ventricular diastole reaching values of 40 mm Hg rather than the typical value of 80 mm Hg

Front 41

describe the pressure values in the left ventricle and atria with aortic regurgitation?

Back 41

the ventricular pressure is greater than the atrial pressure thus making it very difficult to keep blood moving through the heart

Front 42

what does aortic regurgitation sound like?

Back 42

a loud blowing murmur that occurs throughout ventricular diastole

Front 43

if a murmur increases with inspiration what side of the heart is it on?

Back 43

the right because venous return increases on inspiration

Front 44

does inspiration or expiration increase left ventricular stroke volume?

Back 44

expiration

Front 45

how could a patient make a mitral or aortic valve regurgitation louder?

Back 45

prolonged deep expiration

Front 46

during inspiration which valve closes first? The aortic or pulmonic?

Back 46

the aortic vavle because there is more blood in the right ventricle and it takes longer for it to be pumped out thus the pulmonic valve is delayed in closing (splitting of S2 is heard)

Front 47

which valve closes first during expiration? The aortic or pulmonic?

Back 47

TRICK the both normally close at the same time during expiration this the is no splitting of S2

Front 48

a splitting of S1 and S2 with the S2 splitting increasing with inspiration would indicate?

Back 48

right bundle branch block