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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 sections of the heart
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Left Atrium, Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle
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Pathway of blood flow
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Aorta, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries (mid point), Venules, Veins, Vena Cava
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What are the Layers of the Artery and Veins
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Endothelium, Elastic Membrane, Smooth muscle layer, Connective tissue
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Muscle Pump Mechanism
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Skeletal muscle contracts pushing the blood up, and the valve opens and closes so it does not flow backwards
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S&S of Cardiovascular Disease
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Chest pain, Palpations, Dyspnea, Syncope (Dizziness), Fatigue, Cyanosis, Edema, Nausea/Vomiting
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Atherosclerosis
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Ischemic Heart
DiseaseThickening/loss of elasticity of arteries due to accumulation of plaque Coronary Heart Disease |
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Different types of Atherosclerosis
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Heart CAD or CHD
Brain Cerebrovascular Disease Everywhere PVD |
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How does Atherosclerosis progress?
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1) Penetration of lipoproteins into the smooth muscle cells of the inner membrane and produces fatty streaks
2) Coronary lesion starts to form 3) Lesion grows outward, maintaining the lumen for as long as possible 4) A fibrous cap separates the plaque and the lumen. 5) Plaque builds up, gradually pressing on the lumen and obstructing blood flow and possible rupture and thrombus leading to Myocardial infarction (Page 556) |
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Modifiable risk factors for IHD
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Smoking, Cholesterol, Hypertension, Obesity, Inactivity, Glucose Metabolism, Stress
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Non-Modifiable Risk factors for IHD
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Age, Gender, Family History, Ethnicity
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Treatments for Atherosclerosis
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Angioplasty, CABG
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Describe Angioplasty
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Treatment forInsert stint and catheter pop open/inflate the balloon deflate and mesh stays in place called stent
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CABG
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Blockage too thick to get through – cut and by pass the blockage.
Hooks up to heart bypass machine to keep heart still. Blood thinner – Heparin |
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Medication treatments for Atherosclerosis
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Heart contraction controlling meds, HTN, Lipid reducing meds, Vasodilators, platelet inhibitors, Thrombolytics
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Exercises management
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Angina, Sternal precautions after surgery, Leg precautions, progressive activity
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Angina Pectoris
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“Myocardial pain”
Due to ischemia caused by insufficiency, blockage, decreased BP, Anemia |
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Hypertension Levels
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Systolic Diastolic
Normal: <120 <80 Pre: 120-139 89 Stage 1: 140 - 159 99 Stage 2: >160 >100 |
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Types of Hypertension
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Primary – idiopathic
Secondary – caused by something (ETOH, Toxins, endocrine disease, renal disease, acute stress, neuro-disorders |
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Treatment for HTN
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Lifestyle change
ABCD - Drug Therapy (ace inhibitor, beta blocker, Calcium channel blockers, Diuretics |
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What does the Right Coronary Artery supply
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Right atria and ventricle (av and sa node) interventricular septum, ant/pos/inf LV areas
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What does the Left Coronary Artery Supply
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Anterior and Anteroseptal between the R and L heart.
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Anterior descending Branch supplies
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Anterior LV
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Left Circumflex supplies
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Anterolateral or posterior lateral LV
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Myocardial Infarction Causes
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Artery blockage leads to ischemia or plaque releases causing clot
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Diagnosing MI
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Interruption in normal EKG, Classic patter vs non-classic pattern.
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Common warnings signs of a heart attack
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Uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the chest.
Pain from throat/neck to jaw shoulders or arms. Chest discomfort with lightheadedness, dizziness, sweating, nausea or shortness of breath Prolonged symptoms unrelieved by antacids, nitroglycerin, or rest. |
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Atypical signs
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Unusual chest pain, stomach or abdominal pain.
Continuous neck or shoulder pain. Flu-like symptomsIntense anxiety, weakness or fatigue |
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Exercise Precautions for MI
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Angina, Vitals (O2 saturation, Pulse, BP)
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Define Congestive Heart Failure
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Heart unable to pump sufficient blood
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4 types of CHF
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Systolic, Diastolic, Left side, Right side
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S&S of Left sided CHF
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Dyspnea, pulmonary edema, Fatigue
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S&S of Right sided CHF
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Dependent edema, Jugular vein distention, abdominal distention, liver congestion, cyanosis
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Myocardial Diseases
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Myocarditis, Cardiomyopathy, Congenital Heart Disease
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Define Arrhythmia
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Abnormal rate or rhythm
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Describe Heart rate
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Number of times per minute
Bradycardia <60 Tachycardia >100 |
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Describe Heart Rhythm
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Atrial Fibrillation, Ventricular fibrillation, heart block, sick sinus syndrome
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Treating Arrhythmia
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Drug Therapy, Electrical (Pacemaker), Invasive ablation (kill the portion of the heart)
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Describe Mitral Valve Stinosis
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Mitral valve thickens and narrows and creates increase in atrial pressure and pulmonary vein congestion.
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Causes of Mitral Valve stenosis
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Rheumatic Heart Disease
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Diagnoses and Treatment of MV Stenosis
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EchocardiogramValve replacement or repair
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Mitral regression
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Floppy valve – not closing all the way, blood flow down is fine but when v contracts the mitral valve doesnt close and then blood shoots back up
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Causes of Pericarditis
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*Inflammation of pericardium*
Idiopathic, AI, Infection, Injury, metabolic disorders |
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Vessel Disease
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Aneurysm – abnormal stretching of the vessel wall
Caused by injury to the wall and can be fatal |
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Symptoms of Vessel Disease
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Pain if impinging / asymptomatic
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Diagnosis and Treatment
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Typically found when imaging for something else.
Monitor up to 5cm, surgery if larger |
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Types of Peripheral Vascular Disease
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Inflammatory disorders, arterial occlusive disease, venous disorders, vasomotor disorder
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Inflammatory PVD
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Usually immunologic in nature. Inflammation of the blood vessels results in narrowing of occlusion of the vessels or formation of an aneurysm
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Examples of Inflammatory PVD
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Vasculitis, Buergers, kawasaki
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Arterial Occlusive Disease
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Prone to open wounds, arterial thrombosis and embolism
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Signs and symptoms of arterial insufficiency
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Venous filling delayed following foot elevation
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Venous disorders
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Thrombophlebitis, DVT, Venous insufficiency
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Thrombophlebitis
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Inflammation or being caused by blood clot
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Deep Vein Thrombosis
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bed rest homans sign
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Venous insufficiency
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Veins not functioning leads to pooling blood, lack of CO2, cyanotic, Edema
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Varicose veins
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Failure of valves and pooling of blood in superficial veins
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What is a Vasomotor disorder
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Affecting the diameter of the blood vessel
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Raynaud’s disorder
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Spasm of the small arterioles with exposure to cold
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Symptoms of Raynaud’s
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Tips of fingers usually get numbness tingling
Can cause pallor, Cyanosis |
