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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three layers of arteries and veins from innermost to outermost?
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tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
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What is the tunica intima composed of?
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endothelial lining and connective tissue
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Which layer is the thickest part of arteries?
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tunica media
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What is the tunica media composed of?
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smooth muscle tissue in loose connective tissue
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What layer is the thickest in veins?
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tunica externa
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What is the tunica externa composed of?
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connective tissue covering
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What binds the tunica media to the tunica intimaand tunica externa?
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collagen fibers
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What stabilizes and anchors the blood vessel?
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tunica externa
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What adjusts blood flow?
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muscular artery
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Which blood vessels allow exchange between blood and surrounding interstitial fluid?
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capillaries
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Name the order in which blood flows through the five classes of blood vessels starting at the heart?
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arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
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What are the two types of capillaries?
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continuous and fenestrated
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Compare continuous capillaries vs. fenestrated capillaries
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continuous capillaries have a comple endothelium lining while fenestrated have pores that penetrate the endothelial lining
-continuous capillaries permit the diffusion of water, small soultes and lipd solube material where fenestrated allow rapid exchange of water an dsolutess |
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What are sinusoids?
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capillaries that resembe fenestrated capillaries but have gaps between adjacent endothelial cells
-they permit the free exchange of water and plasma proteins |
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What is the entrance to each capillary guarded by?
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band of smooth muscle called precapillary sphincter
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How many layers does a capillary contain?
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two of tunica interna, two layers of circular muscles
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What is an arteriovenous anastomosis?
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a direct connection between an arteriole and venule
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What is an arterial anastomosis?
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fusion of two collateral arteries that supply a capillary bed
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What is the interconnected network that capillaries function as part of?
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capillary bed
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What part of the csapillary bed contains smooth muscle that is capable of changing its diameter?
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metarteriole
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What controls the rate of blood flow through each capillary?
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precapillary sphincters that contract and relax
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What is vasomotion?
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the cycling of contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles that changes blood flow through capillary beds
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How is blood pushed along the arterial system?
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force developed by the heart
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What is the purpose of valves in veins?
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permit blood to only flow in one direction preventing the backflow into capillaries; necessary since veins cant overcome force of gravity
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What happens if valves dont work correctly?
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anything from varicose veins to hemorrhoids
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When skeletel muscle contraction occurs, whwat happens to the blood?
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squeezed towards the heart
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Where is most of the blood located in the body?
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systemic venous system
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When serious hemorrhaging occurs, how does the body maintain normal blood volume in arterial system?
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reducing the amount of blood in the venous system through venocostricction
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How does venoconstriction occur?
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stimulation of sympathetic nerves due to the vasomotor center in medulla oblongata
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What is constantly adjusted to meet the demands of active tissues?
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cardiac output & distribution of blood between pulmonary and systemic circuits
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What makes coordinated adjustments in heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance, and venous pressure?
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neural and hormonal regulation
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How does the heart help maintain cardiac output?
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enough pressure to force blood all the way to capillaries
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Is arterial or venous pressure higher?
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arterial
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What is peripheral resistance?
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resistance of the arterial system as a whole
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What is the main focus of the cardiovascular system?
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capillary exchange
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What does the slow blood flow allow for in diffusion between bood and interstitial fluid?
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capillary exchange
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What helps maintain venous pressure and blood flow?
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valves and muscular compressionn of peripheral veins
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What is venous return?
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the amount of blood arriving at the right ventricle every minute
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What controls the direction of blood flow?
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areas of high pressure to low pressure
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What happens to blood pressure as blood gets further from the left ventricle?
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it decreases
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Whath is systolic pressure?
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highest pressure attained in arteries during systole
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What is diastolic pressure?
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lowest arterial pressure during diastole
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What is the blood pressure as it flows into right ventricle?
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0 mmHg
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How do you determine Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
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take one third of the pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic) and add it to the diastolic BP
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How do you calculate CO?
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MAP divided by R
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What is the relationship between the blood vessel lumen and resistance?
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the smaller the lumen the greater the resistance
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How is vessel radius and resistance summarized?
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R=1/4r^4
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How do the vasomotor centers control peripheral resistance and blood flow?
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altering the diameter of arterioles
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What occurs with increased viscosity?
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resistance is greater
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What determines viscosity?
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ratio of erythrocytes to plasma volume, concentration of proteins in plasma
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What alters the viscosity of blood?
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disorders that effect the hematocrit or plasma composition
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What is the relationship between vessel length and resistance?
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the longer the vessel the greater the resistance
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What is total peripheral resistance?
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resistance of the entire cardiovascular system
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What does the total peripheral resistance of the cardiovascular system depend on?
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vascular resistance, viscosity, turbulence
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What is the largest component of peripheral resistance?
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vascular resistance
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What is vascular resistance the result of?
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friction between blood and vessel walls
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What does the amount of friction depend on?
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vessel length and diameter
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What causes turbulence?
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high flow rates, irregular surfaces, sudden changes in vessel diameter
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How is blood flow related to blood pressure?
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increased blood pressure results in increased blood flow
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How is blood flow related to peripheral resistance?
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increased resistance results in decreased flow
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What is the pressure gradient?
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the difference in pressure from one end of the vessel to the other
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What alters pressure gradient?
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cardiovascular control centers
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How do cardiovascular control centers alter the pressure gradient?
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altering the cardiac output and peripheral rfesistance
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What does capillary exchange involve?
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combo of filtration, diffusion, and osmosis
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What is capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
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blood pressure within the capillary beds
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What is the driving force of filtration?
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capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
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What is filtration important in regulation of?
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relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid
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What is capillary diffusion important in?
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solute exchange
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What is the Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (ICOP)
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0 mmHg
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What happens to blood pressure as blood gets further from the left ventricle?
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it decreases
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Whath is systolic pressure?
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highest pressure attained in arteries during systole
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What is diastolic pressure?
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lowest arterial pressure during diastole
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What is the blood pressure as it flows into right ventricle?
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0 mmHg
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How do you determine Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
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take one third of the pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic) and add it to the diastolic BP
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How do you calculate CO?
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MAP divided by R
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What is the relationship between the blood vessel lumen and resistance?
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the smaller the lumen the greater the resistance
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How is vessel radius and resistance summarized?
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R=1/4r^4
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How do the vasomotor centers control peripheral resistance and blood flow?
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altering the diameter of arterioles
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What occurs with increased viscosity?
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resistance is greater
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What is the typical capillary hydrostatic pressure?
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35-18 mmHg
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What is reabsorption in the capillary exchange?
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pressure driven movement from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries
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What is the typiccal blood colloid osmotic pressure? (BCOP)
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25 mmHg
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