Cardiovascular

Front 1

Blood pressure is a product of what two things?

Back 1

Bp=CO x PR

Front 2

Heart rate, contractility, and filling pressure make up what?

Back 2

cardiac output

Front 3

Perpherial resistance depends on what?

Back 3

arteriolar volume

Front 4

Short term control of BP is accomplished by...

Back 4

the baroreceptor reflex

Front 5

Long term control of BP occurs in hours to several days and is accomplished by what?

Back 5

Kidneys

Front 6

Systolic/diastolic =

Back 6

Blood pressure measurement

Front 7

A sustained reporducible increase in BP

Back 7

Hypertension

Front 8

The normal range of BP =

Back 8

<130/<85

Front 9

Optimal BP

Back 9

<120 / <80

Front 10

High Normal BP

Back 10

130-139 / 85-89

Front 11

Hypertension Stage 1

Back 11

140-159/90-99

Front 12

Hypertension Stage 2

Back 12

160-179 / 100-109

Front 13

Hypertension Stage 3

Back 13

> or = 180 / > or = 110

Front 14

Why treat Hypertension?

Back 14

Congestive heart failure
Stroke
Kidney Failure
Myocardial infarction
No symptoms may go undetected

Front 15

What are environment risks of acquiring hypertension?

Back 15

Diet
Cigarette Smoking
Alcohol Abuse
Lack of exercise/obesity
Stress

Front 16

What is secondary hypertension due to?

Back 16

Some specific abnormality (ex. catecholamine producing tumors)

Front 17

Name four types of drugs that are used in the tx of hypertension

Back 17

Diuretics
Drugs affecting the Sympathetic system
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Ca+ channel blockers
Vasodilators
Non-pharmacological treatment

Front 18

How is mild hypertension treated?

Back 18

With a single drug - any of the four Diuretics - angiotensin Converting emzyme - Ca channel blocker

Front 19

Which drugs are recommended for first time use?

Back 19

Diuretics and/or beta adrenoceptor blockers

Front 20

What population responds better to diuretics and Ca+ channel blockers but poorly to beta-blockers and ACE-inhibitors?

Back 20

Blacks and older people

Front 21

What are nonpharamological ways in which one can treat hypertension?

Back 21

Na restriction
Alcohol restriction
Weight control

Front 22

This drug reduces CO by reducing volume

Back 22

Diuretics

Front 23

What are three classes of diuretic drugs?

Back 23

Thiazide diuretics
Loop diuretics
Potassium sparing diuretics

Front 24

This diuretic inhibits Na, Cl adn h2o absorption in the distal tube of the nephron.

Back 24

Thiazide diuretics

Front 25

Prototype of Thiazide diuretics

Back 25

Hydrochlorothiazide

Front 26

Inhibits reabsorption of NA, Cl, K and h2o in the ascending loop of Henle of the nephron

Back 26

Loop Diuretics

Front 27

Prototype of Loop Diuretics

Back 27

Furosemide

Front 28

Interefere with K/Na exchange so that K is spared while Na remains in the tubule for excretion

Back 28

Potassium sparing diuretics

Front 29

Prototype for K+ sparing diuretics

Back 29

Spironolactone

Front 30

What are the adverse effects of diuretics?

Back 30

Fluid depletion (orthostatic hypotension)
Sodium depletion
Potassium depletion (-except K+ sparing diuretics)
GI disturbance - weakness - fatigue

Front 31

What are the theraputic uses of diuretics?

Back 31

Tx hypotension
-first line therapy
-avoid in hypertensive diabetics

Front 32

Drugs affecting the Sympathetic System

Back 32

Beta-adrenoceptor blockers
Alpha1 adrenoceptor blockers
Alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists

Front 33

What do Beta-adrenoceptor blockers do?

Back 33

-Reduce HR
-Reduce force of contraction
-Decrease CO
-Decrease sympathetic outflow in CNS and inhibit renin secretion from kidneys to reduce PR

Front 34

What is the prototype for Beta-adrenoceptor blockers

Back 34

Propranolol

Front 35

What adverse effects to Beta adrenoceptor blockers have?

Back 35

CNS- fatifue, lethargy, hallucinations
Bronchoconstriction
Orthostatic hypotension dizziness
Drug w/drawl - rebound hypertension
Impotence

Front 36

These drugs are effective in treating hypertention - more effective in white and young people - Should not use with asthma, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease

Back 36

Beta-adrenoceptor blockers

Front 37

Block Alpha1 adrenergic receptor on vascular smooth muscle to cause vasodilation and decrease in PR

Back 37

Alpha1 adrenoceptor blockers

Front 38

Prototype is Phenoxybenzamine

Back 38

Alpha1 adrenoceptor blockers

Front 39

What are the effects of Alpha1 adrenoceptors blockers?

Back 39

Orthostatic Hypotension
Reflex tachycardia

Front 40

Uses of this drug include: tx of mild to mod. hypertension, can improve blood lipid profiles

Back 40

Alpha1 adrenoceptor blockers

Front 41

This drug causes a decrease in CO and PR

Back 41

Alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists

Front 42

What is the prototype of Alph2 adrenoceptor agonists?

Back 42

Clonidine

Front 43

These drugs cause sedation and dizziness

Back 43

Alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists

Front 44

Used in the treatment of mild to mod. hypertension not responding to diuretics and complicated by renal disease

Back 44

Alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists

Front 45

These drugs
-reduce PR (block angiotensin converts angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II
-decrease in angiotensin II decreases aldosterone = decrease Na, h2o, therefore a decrease in blood volume and CO

Back 45

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

Front 46

What is the prototype for Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors?

Back 46

Captopril

Front 47

Adverse affects include: Persistant dry cough, GIT disturbance, Allergic reactions, Hyperkalemia

Back 47

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

Front 48

These drugs do not cause orthostatic hypotension
But are effective in pts. with chronic congestive heart failure and young white pts. (like Beta blockers)

Back 48

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

Front 49

Block Ca by binding to L-type Ca2+ channels of heart and smooth muscle of coronary and peripheral vasculature

Decrease PR

Back 49

Calcium Channel Blockers

Front 50

Averse effects of these drugs are GIT disturbance, dizziness, headache, fatigue
-in elderly, diabetics with unstable agina
-increase risk for myocaridal infarction and cancer

Back 50

Calcium Channel Blockers

Front 51

What drug is useful in tx of hypertensive with asthma, diabetes, and PR disease

Back 51

Calcium Channel Blockers

Front 52

Inhibit smooth muscle contraction by increasing intracellular production of second messengers (Cyclic GMP)

Decrease PR

Back 52

Vasodialators

Front 53

Hydralazine and Minoxidil are what type of drug?

Back 53

Vasodilators

Front 54

What are the adverse effects of vasodilators?

Back 54

-Reflex tachycardia
-Dizziness, postural hypotension, weakness, nausea
-Fluid retention
-Increases hair growth

Front 55

The drug is not a first line therapy but added if others prove inadequate

Back 55

Vasodialators

Front 56

This occurs when mean arterial pressure is an immediate threat the life

Back 56

Hypertensive Emergency

Front 57

This drug is administered by IV to cause vasodialation

Back 57

Sodium nitropruside

Front 58

Name non-pharmalogical tx of hypertension

Back 58

-Dietary mod. (Na restriction, low fat, high fish oils)
-Decrease alcohol, tobacco
-Decrease body wt./exercise
-Psychological -(relaxation, meditation, prayer)