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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most of the cardiovascular system system derives from which embryonic layer?
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Mesoderm
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Which artery supplies blood to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes?
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Right coronary artery
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Which major artery supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricle?
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Right coronary artery
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Which artery supplies blood to the left atrium and left ventricles?
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Left coronary artery
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Which artery supplies blood to the interventricular septum?
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Left coronary artery
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What are the most common sites of occlusion of the coronary arteries in order from most common to least common?
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Left anterior descending > right coronary artery > circumflex
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Describe the conduction pathway of the cardiac impulse.
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SA node --> AV node --> bundle of His --> right and left bundle branches --> Purkinje fibers
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The heart receives parasympathetic input from what nerve?
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Vagus nerve
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A patient with arm claudication, syncope, vertigo, nausea, and a supraclavicular bruit has what syndrome?
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Subclavian steal syndrome
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What is subclavian steal syndrome?
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Occlusion of the subclavian artery, resulting in retrograde "stealing" of blood flow through the vertebral artery.
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What is the best location for auscultation of the tricuspid valve?
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Left sternal border at the fifth intercostal space
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What is the best location for auscultation of the mitral valve?
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Fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line
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What is the best location for auscultation of the pulmonary valve?
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Left sternal border at the second intercostal space
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What is the best location for auscultation of the aortic valve?
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Right sternal border, second intercostal space
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What electrical event causes the P wave on the electrocardiogram?
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Atrial depolarization
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What electrical event causes the T wave on the electrocardiogram?
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Ventricular repolarization
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What electrical event causes the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram?
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Depolarization of the ventricles
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Which ion primarily creates the resting membrane potential of the myocyte?
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Potassium
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What electrical event causes the PR interval on the electrocardiogram?
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Conduction through the AV node
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Which membrane protein maintains the ion gradient of a myocyte?
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Na+/K+ ATPase
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What is the effect of potassium efflux from a myocardial cell?
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Hyperpolarization
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What is the effect of potassium influx into a myocardial cell?
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Depolarization
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What is the formula for stroke work?
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Aortic pressure x stroke volume = stroke work
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What factors determine myocardial oxygen consumption?
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Heart rate, after load, contractility, heart size
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What is the formula for cardiac output?
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Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output
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What is the formula for stroke volume?
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End diastolic volume - end systolic volume = stroke volume
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What is the formula for ejection fraction?
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Stroke volume / end diastolic volume = ejection fraction
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What event causes the S1 heart sound?
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Closure of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid, mitral)
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What event causes the S4 sound?
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Flow of blood fro atria into ventricles during atrial systole; indicates stiffened ventricle
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What event causes the S2 heart sound?
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Closure of semilunar valves (aortic, pulmonary)
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What event causes the S3 heart sound?
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Flow of blood from atria into ventricles during diastole. louder under high-flow conditions
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Where is the resistance to blood flow highest in the cardiovascular system?
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Arterioles
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Where are the carotid baroreceptors located?
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Bifurcation of the common carotid arteries
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Which dynamic measurement is used to estimate left atrial pressure?
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Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
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Which vascular bed contains the largest volume of blood?
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Veins
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How does aging affect pulse pressure?
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Aging causes the pulse pressure to widen because of decreased capacitance of blood vessels
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What is the carotid baroreceptors?
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Short term regulation of blood pressure
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What hormone stimulates aldosterone secretion and arterial vasoconstriction?
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Angiotensin II
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How does the vasomotor center respond to decreased mean arterial pressure?
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Decreased parasympathetic output and increased sympathetic output
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What system regulates blood pressure over the long-term?
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Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
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