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205 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the cardiovascular system do?
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transports & distributes (via blood) substances (oxygen, nutrients, hormones, etc) and cells to tissues, removes waste products, aids in regulation of body temperature & fluid balance & regional oxygen & nutrient supplies, physiologic communication system essential to life (in concert with nervous & endocrine system)
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Where do the chambers of the right heart pump blood?
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pulmonary circuit through lungs and back to left side of the heart
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What is the pulmonary circuit?
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path through the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
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Where do the chambers of the left heart pump blood?
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systemic circuit which perfuses all body tissues and returns blood to the right side of the heart
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What is the systemic circuit?
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system that perfuses all body tissues and then returns blood to the right heart
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What does aerobic metabolism do?
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consumes oxygen and creates carbon dioxide
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How does oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer between systemic capillary blood and cells of body tissues?
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by moving down their respective concentration gradients
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In the circulatory system, where does oxygen transfer?
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from blood into cells
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In the circulatory system, where does carbon dioxide transfer?
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from cells into blood
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Relatively, what is the oxygen concentration in carbon dioxide rich blood?
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low
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Relatively, what is the carbone dioxide concentration in oxygen rich blood?
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high
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Where does carbon dioxide rich blood go?
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it moves through the systemic veins back to the right side of the hearts, which pumps it to the lungs
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To where does the right side of the heart pump blood?
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lungs
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To where does the left side of the heart pump blood?
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body
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What does pulmonary ventilation do?
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brings oxygen rich (carbon dioxide poor) air into the alveoli which are perfused by pulmonary capillaries where oxygen (and carbond dioxide) exchange across epithelial barriers down their respective concentration gradients
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Where does oxygen rich blood go?
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it moves through pulmonary circuit from the lungs to the left side of the heart which pumps it through the body
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What does oxygen do in the lungs?
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diffuses into the pulmonary capillary blood
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What does carbon dioxide do in the lungs?
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diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli
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What are the components of the cardiovascular system in mammals?
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a pump (heart), branching series of large to small distribution pipes (aorta, arteries, arterioles), vast network of thin, slightly leaky vessels (capilllaries) that facilitate rapid communication between the fluid in vessels and the interstitial fluid bathing the tissues, and a series of collection pipes (venules, veins, great veins) that lead back to the pump
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What type of system is the cardiovascular system?
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a closed circuit (blood does not flow through the system without running through pipes)
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What is the pump of the cardiovascular system?
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the heart
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What type of component of the cardiovascular system is the heart?
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a pump (heart), branching series of large to small distribution pipes (aorta, arteries, arterioles), vast network of thin, slightly leaky vessels (capilllaries) that facilitate rapid communication between the fluid in vessels and the interstitial fluid ba
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What is the branching series of large to small distribution pipes of the cardiovascular system?
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aorta, arteries, arterioles
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What type of component of the cardiovascular system is the aorta, arteries, and arterioles?
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branching series of large to small distribution pipes
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What is the vast network of thin, slightly leaky vessels that facillitate rapid communication between the fluid in the vessels and the interstitial fluid bathing the tissues?
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capillaries
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What type of component of the cardiovascular system are the capillaries?
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vast network of thin, slightly leaky vessels that facilitate rapid communication between the fluid in the vessels and the interstitial fluid bathing the tissues
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what is the series of collection pipes that lead back to the pump in the cardiovascular system?
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venules, veins, great veins
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what type of component of the cardiovascular system is the venules, veins and great veins?
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a series of collection pipes that lead back to the pump
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What group of animals first had true hearts?
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Fish
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What type of heart do fish have?
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a two chambered musclar pump with a common atrium and ventricle for circulating blood in series
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What is the circulation path in fish?
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heart to gills (respiratory gas and ionic exchange with ambient water), then to systemic tissues
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Fish are also the first group of animals in which a BLANK appears?
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a bipolar autonimic nervous system
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what does a bipolar autonimic nervous system do?
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modulates cardiac function and vascular smooth muscle tone
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what type of heart do advanced reptiles (alligators) have?
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four chambered hearts with two atria and two ventricles, with a full complement of atrioventricular and semilunar valves to ensure unidirectional flow and separation of oxygenated from deoxygenated blood
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what type of heart do birds have?
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four chambered hearts with two atria and two ventricles, with a full complement of atrioventricular and semilunar valves to ensure unidirectional flow and separation of oxygenated from deoxygenated blood
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what type of heart do mammals have?
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four chambered hearts with two atria and two ventricles, with a full complement of atrioventricular and semilunar valves to ensure unidirectional flow and separation of oxygenated from deoxygenated blood
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What animal groups have two chambered hearts?
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fish
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what animal groups have four chambered hearts?
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advanced reptiles, mammals, birds
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what does a four chambered heart have?
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two atria, two ventricles, full complement of atrioventricular and semilunar valves
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what do atrioventricular and semilunar valves do?
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ensure unidirectional flow and separation of oxygenated from deoxygenated blood
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what is the advantage of a four chambered heart?
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mmeets the increased metabolic deamands associated with more complex body functions
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what is the function of the LV?
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systemic pumping chamber
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where does the LV send blood?
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through the body
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In the dog, where is the LV located?
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caudally and slightly to the left of the right ventricle
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how large is a healthy LV in a dog?
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egg shapes and 3-4x thicker than the right ventricle in a healthy dog
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What does the LV generate?
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a systolic pressure during contraction
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How much pressure does the LV generate?
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equal to or slightly greater (15 mmHg) than the pressure in the aorta (120 mmHg) during systole which falls to 0 mmHg or slightly below during diastole
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during systole, how much pressure does the LV generate?
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105-120mmHg
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during diastole, how much pressure does the LV generate?
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0mmHg
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during systole, the pressure generated by the LV is comparable to the pressure where?
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in the aorta
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the left ventricle is divided up into BLANK and BLANK?
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LVIT (left ventricular inflow tract) & LVOT (left ventricular outflow tract)
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what is the LVIT?
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left ventricular inflow tract
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where is the path of the LVIT?
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connected to and receives blood from the left atrium across the mitral valve
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what is the LVOT?
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Left ventricular outflow tract
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where is the path of the LVOT?
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it joins the left ventricle to the root of the aorta across the aortic valve
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what does LV stand for?
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left ventricle
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what does RV stand for?
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right ventricle
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what is the function of the RV?
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pulmonary pumping chamber
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relatively how much resistance does the RV pump against in adults?
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low
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where does the RV send blood?
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lungs
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the right ventricle is deivided up into BLANK and BLANK
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RVIT (right ventricular inflow tract) and LVOT (left ventricular outflow tract)
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what is the RVIT?
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right ventricular inflow tract
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where is the path of the RVIT?
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connected to the right atrium across the tricuspid valve
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what is the RVOT?
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right ventricular outflow tract
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where is the path of the RVOT?
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it joins the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery across the pulmonary valve
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In the neonate, how thick is the RV?
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as thick as the LV
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what is RV hypertrophy?
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a typical reduction in the thickness of the RV upon reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance after aeration of the lungs
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when does RV hypertrophy start?
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after birth
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what event starts RV hypertrophy?
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aeration of the lungs which reduces pulmonary vascular resistance
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why does pulmonary vascular resistance fall after birth?
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aeration of the lungs
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how thick is the RV at 3-6 months of age?
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1/4 - 1/3 the thickness of the LV
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what is the normal adult ratio of the RV to the LV?
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1/4 - 1/3
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what does the adult RV generate?
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a pressure equal to that in the pulmonary artery during systole (15-25mmHg) with 0mmHg or slightly less during diastole
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during systole, how much pressure does the RV generate?
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15-25mmHg
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during diastole, how much pressure does the RV generate?
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0mmHg
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during systle, the pressure generated by the RV is comparable to the pressure where?
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pulmonary artery
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what does LA stand for?
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Left atrium
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where is the LA located?
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dorsal and caudal to the LV and in between the left and right mainstem bronchii, caudal and ventral to the carina (of the trachea)
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where does the LA receive blood from?
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the pulmonary veins
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where does the LA transport blood to?
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the LV across the mitral valve
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what type of blood does the LA carry?
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oxygenated
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what does RA stand for?
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right atrium
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where is the RA located?
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dorsal and cranial to the RV
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where does the RA receive blood from?
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systemic blood from the cranial and caudal vena cavae and the return from the coronary veins (via the coronary sinus
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what type of blood the the RA carry?
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deoxygenated
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what is the coronary sinus?
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an opening low in the RA that the coronary veins empty into
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where does the RA send blood to?
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the RV across the tricuspid valve
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what does LAu stand for?
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Left Auricular appendage
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what is the LAu?
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a small earlike appendage of the LA that forms the 3-o'clock border of the heart on the DV or VD radiographic view in dogs and cats
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what structure can be seen at 3-o'clock on the heart in DV or VD radiographs of dogs or cats?
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Left Auricular appendage
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What does RAu stand for?
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Right Auricular appendage
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what is the RAu?
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small appendage of the RA, a common site for canine hemangioarcoma in large breed dogs
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what is the RAu Important for?
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a common site for canine hemangiosarcoma in large breed dogs
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where is canine hemangiosarcoma of large breed dogs found in the heart?
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the right auricular appendage
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what does IVS stand for?
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interventricular septum
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what is the IVS?
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a structure dividing the right and left ventricles
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what is the most common congenital defect in cats, horses, cows, and humans (occurs frequently in dogs as well)?
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malformations resulting in holes in the IVS
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what is the IVS made of?
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a muscular and a membranous portion
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where is the membranous septum of the IVS derived embryologically?
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endocardial cushion tissue
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what is the membranous septum of the IVS the most common site of?
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isolated congenital ventricular septal defects (VSD) in domestic species
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What does VSD stand for?
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ventricular septal defects
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what is the most common site of isolated congenital ventricular septal defects (VSD) in domestic species?
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membranous septum of the IVS
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What is the interatrial septum?
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the dividing structure between the right and left atria
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What does ASD stand for?
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atrial septum defects
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How common are ASD's?
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relatively common in domestic species, often occuring in combination with other congenital heart defects
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What is the fossa ovalis?
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a thin spot in the interatrial septum where the foramen ovale was in fetal life
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What is the foramen ovale?
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in a fetus, it functions to shunt blood away from the pulmonary circulation, closing as the pressures on the right side of the heart decrease after birth
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what does probe patent mean?
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a ballpoint sized probe could be pushed through an opening
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If the foramen is probe patent in adult life, should blood flow across the defect?
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No!
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What is an AV Valve apparatus?
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structures in both the right and left ventricles that consist of papillary muscles and chordae tendinea that prevent the mitral (left) and tricuspid (right AV valves from prolapsing
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Where are papillary muscles more prominent?
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The left ventricle where 2 large papillary muscles are normally easily identifiable (there are typically 3 main appillary muscles in the RV of dogs and cats, but location and number are more variable)
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When do papillary muscles contract?
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during systole, in concert with the ventricles
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What to papillary muscles connect to?
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the mitral (left) and tricuspid (right) AV valves via chordae tendinea
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what are chordae tendinea?
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collagenous cords, attached to papillary muscles, that insert directly into the collagen structure of valves
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what are AV valves made of?
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collagenous inner stroma surrounded by a small amount of glycosaminoglycan (intercellular ground substance) and a smooth, glistening endothelial cell-lined surface exposed to blood on both sides of the valve
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what does contraction of the papillary muscles and ventricular myocardium cause?
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tenses the chordae and prevents the valves from prolapsing back into their respective atrium as systole progresses & the ventricular chamber diameter gets smaller with the AV valves closed or coapted
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what does coapted mean?
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to bring together
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what tenses the chordae?
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contraction of the papillary muscles and the ventricular myocardium
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what happens to the diameter of the ventricular chamber as systole progresses?
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gets smaller
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How do the AV valves coapt?
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over a fairly broad surface with a 3 dimensional structure
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When is the first heart sound heard?
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beginning of systole
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What causes the first heart sound?
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the closing and tensing of the mitral and tricuspid valve at the beginning of systole
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the closing and tensing of the mitral and tricuspid valve at the beginning of systole produces what?
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the first heart sound
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What does S1 stand for?
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the first heart sound
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What prevents AV valve regurgitation during systole?
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papillary muscles, chordea tendinae, and valve leaflets acting in concert
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AV valvular regurgitation results from what?
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disease of any of the following: papillary muscles, chordae tendinae, or valve leaflets
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what kind of valves are pulmonic valves and aortic valves?
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semilunar (half moon shaped) valves composed of 3 cusps each
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What do pulmonic valves and aortic valves do?
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guard the LVOT & RVOT exits, ensuring unidirectionality of blood flow
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What sound do the pulmonic valve and aortic valve make when opening?
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silence
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what sound do the mitral and tricuspid valves makes when opening?
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silence
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The right AV valves is also called what?
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tricuspid valve
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the tricuspid valve is also known as?
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the right AV valve
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The left AV valve is also called what?
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mitral valve
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the mitral valves is also known as?
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the left AV valve
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what sound do the pulmonic valve and aortic valve make when coapting?
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S2, a sharp sound
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which valves are semi=lunar?
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the Pulmonic valve and the aortic valve
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What does S2 stand for?
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the second heart sound
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when does S2 occur?
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when the pulmonic valve and aortic valves close
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what does S1 sound like?
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Lub
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what does S2 sound like?
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Dub
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when does S1 occur in terms of pressure?
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ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure at the beginning of ventricular systole
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when does S2 occur in terms of pressure?
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when the backpressure in the pulmonic artery and aorta exceed ventricular pressures
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what occurs when the backpressure in the pulmonic artery and aorta exceed ventriculr pressures?
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Dub, S2, semilunr valves close
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what occurs when ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure at the beginning of the ventriculr systole?
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Lub, S1, AV valves close
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What does Ao stand for?
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aorta
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What is the aorta?
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a large elastic vessel that receives the output of the left ventricle
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what are the segments of the aorta?
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ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta
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what is the sinus of Valsalva?
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a prominent out-pouching behind the aortic valve leaflets that houses the ostia (mouths) of the extramural coronary arteries
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what does ostia mean?
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mouths
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What is the widest part of the ascending aorta?
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the sinus of Valsalva
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where is the sinus of Valsalva?
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behind the aortic valve leaflets
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what does PA stand for?
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pulmonary artery
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what is the pulmonary artery?
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the large vessel that receives the output of the right ventricle
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what does th main pulmonary artery become?
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the right and left pulmonary arteries
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where do the left and right pulmonary arteries come from?
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the main pulmonary artery off the right ventricle
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What is the ductus arteriosus?
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the connection between the main pulmonary artery to the descendign aorta that shunts blood away from the high resistance, unoxygenated pulmonary circulation in the fetus
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where is the ductus arteriosus?
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between the main pulmonary artery (occasionally the left pulmonary artery) and the descendign aorta
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what does the ductus arteriosus do?
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shunts blood away from the unoxygenated pulmonary circulation in the fetus
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why does the ductus areteriosus exist?
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the unoxygenated pulmonary circulation is high resistance (therefor high pressure) requiring heavy output in energy and power to move blood through
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When does the ductus arteriosus close?
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in the first hours to days of life in domestic species (hours in dogs and cats, up to 2 days in horses)
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What does PDA stand for?
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patent ductus arteriosus
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what is a patent ductus arteriosus?
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the condition caused by failure to close the ductus arteriosus vessel at birth
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where is the left main coronayr artery?
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it arises from the aorta in the sinus of Valsalva behind the left coronary cusp of the aortic valve
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what does the left main coronary artery give off?
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the left interventricular descending and left circumflex coronary arteries
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where does the left interventricular descendign coronary artery arise from?
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the left main coronary artery
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where does the left circumflex coronary artery arise from
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the left main coronary artery
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what is the left interventricular descending coronary artery called in humans?
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Left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery
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where is the left interventricular descending coronary artery found?
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the interventricular groove in all domestic species
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where is the right coronary artery found?
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it arises from the aorta in the sinus of Valsalva behind the right coronary cusp of the aortic valve
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what does the right coronary artery supply?
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the right ventricle
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what is the right coronary arteries size compared to the left main coronary artery?
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1/2 to 1/3 diameter
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if the right coronary artery is larger than the left main coronary artery, what disease are suspected?
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disease that cause massive right ventricular hypertrophy
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what doesthe term dominant mean in regards to arteries?
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largery
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what does SA Node stand for?
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sinoatrial node
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where is the sinoatrial node?
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high in the right atrium
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what is the sinoatrial node?
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a cluster of automatic cells that undergo spontaneous diastolic depolarization at a rate faster than any other cells in the heart
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what is the role of the SA node?
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pacemaker of the heart
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what is the pacemaker of the heart?
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sinoatrial node
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what does AV node stand for?
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atrioventricular node
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what is the AV node?
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the only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
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where is the AV node?
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in the interventriculr septum near the cristae supraventricularis (also near the aortic root)
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what is the cristae supraventricularis?
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a ridge of tissue separating the RVIT and the RVOT
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what separates the RVIT and RVOT?
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cristae supraventricularis
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what is the only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles?
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the atrioventricular node
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What may happen with an infection of the aortic root or valves?
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may extend to involve the AV node, impairing impulse conduction in the node
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Is the SA node identifiable on gross dissection?
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No!
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Is the AV node visible on gross dissection?
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No!
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what occurrence may impair the impulse conduction in the AV node?
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severe infections of the aortic root and valves
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what does the heart do work on?
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blood contained in it
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what does the work of the heart create?
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hydrostatic pressure difference
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what is hydrostatic pressure difference?
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energy for bulk flow
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what is bulk flow?
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movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient (blood through blood vessels)
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what condition is necessary for blood to move through tubes?
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pressure at one end of the tube is greater than the pressure at the other end
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what is the difference in pressure between two points?
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perfusion pressure
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what is perfusion pressure?
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difference in pressure between two points
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does bulk flow occur if perfusion pressure is zero?
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no!
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if perfusion pressure is zero, what happens to bulk flow?
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it doesn't occur
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what is the potential energy if perfursion pressure is zero?
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zero
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If there is zero potential energy, what is the perfusion pressure?
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zero
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capillaries have a microstructure that enables some dissovled substances to transer out of the lumen and into surrounding interstitial fluid via?
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diffusion
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how do substances transfer from capillaries to interstitial fluid?
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diffusion
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what is the potential energy for diffusion?
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a concentration difference
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what is a concentration difference in relation to diffusion?
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potential energy
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what determines the rate at which dissolved substances move down a concentration gradient into/out of blood?
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permeability
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what is delivery?
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how the blood moves substances to the body's tissues
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