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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pulmonary Circuit
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-carries CO2 to the lungs
-returns O2 to the heart |
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Systemic Circuit
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-transports O2 to body cells
-transports CO2 to the heart |
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Causes Death after MI
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-cardiogenic shock
-pulmonary edema -v fib -heart rupture |
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S1
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-closure of AV valve
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S2
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-aortic valve closure
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S3
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-ventricles filling causing reverbation along ventricle walls
-herat failure |
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S4
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-atria contracting
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Rheumatic Fever
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-usually affected aortic or mitral valves
-fribrinous lesions grow along the inflamed edges of heart valves (fuse leaflets) |
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Aortic Stenosis
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-systolic murmur
-loud harsh |
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Aortic Regurgitation
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-diastolic murmur
-high pitched blowing murmur |
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Mitral Stenosis
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-disatolic murmur
-low frequency |
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Mitral Regurgitation
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-systolic
-high frequency blowing over apex |
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Systolic Failure
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-ischemia
-volume (EF) low, end disatolic high -decreased contractility and ejection fraction |
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Diastolic Failure
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-HTN
-heart wall thickens to relieve stress of chronically working against elevated aortic pressure -small amt pumped to aorta |
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R vent. Failure
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-caused by L failure
-accumulation of blood in RA, RV, and systemic |
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L vent. Failure
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-HTN, MI most common, valvular
-accumulation in LV, LA, and pulmonary circuit -fluid in lungs |
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Dendritic Cells
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-antigen presenting cells for initiation of adaptive immunity
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Chemokines
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-type of cytokine
-stimulate migration and activation of immune/inflammation cells |
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NK cells
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-lyse and kill cancer cells and virus infected cells
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Fxn of Lymphatic System
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-immunity
-maintain fluids -return protein to blood -absorption and transportation of fat |
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Lymph is Returned By:
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-skeletal muscle
-pressure changes -arterial pulsations -smooth muscle -valves |
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Lynmph Trunks
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-Intestinal (1)
-lumbar (2) -bronchomediastinal (2) -subclavian (2) -jugular (2) |
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R lymphatic duct drains;
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-bronchomediatinal
-subclavian -jugular |
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Thymus
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-t lymphocytes mature here
-does not directly kill antigens -consists of epithelial cells not reticular tissue -secretes thymosin and thymopoeitin |
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Lymph Node
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-lots of afferent, one efferent
-outer cortex= b cells -inner cortex= t cells -medulla= both |
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Tunica Externa
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-outer layer
-protect and anchor -loose CT |
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Tunica Media
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-smooth muscle
-reguakte diameter of vessel -sns control |
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Tunica Intima
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-inner
-single layer of simple squamous -lubricate -the thickening of this lining is atherosclerosis |
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Phase 0
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-depolarization
-rapid influx of Na -QRS Complex |
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Phase 1
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-inactivation of Na chnnels
-influx of Cl |
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Phase 2
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-plateau
-Ca into cell -st segment |
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Phase 3
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-final repoarization
-ca channels close -increase in K permeability -T wave |
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Phase 4
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-diastole
-maintenance of Na/K pump -Na out, K in |
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Fast Response
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-opening of Na channels
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Slow Response
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-slow leak of current until threshold is reached
-calcium |
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Reactive Hyperemia
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-ability of tissues to increase blood flow in situations of increased anxiety
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Endothelial control
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-vessel dilation
-nitric oxide (inhibits platelet aggregation and secretion of olatelet contents, many of which cause vasoconstriction) |
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Collateral Circuation
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-when one artery becomes occluded, anasmotic channels increase in size, allowing blood from a patent artery to perfuse the area supplied by the occluded vessels
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NE/Epi
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-vasoconstriction
-excessive stress -epi is less powerful and may actually cause dilation |
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Angiotensin 2
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-vasoconstrictor
-increases sodium and water retention |
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Histamine
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-vasodilator
-derived from mast cells in injured tissues and basophils in blood |
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Seratonin
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-vasocontrictor
-released from aggregating platelets during th clotting process |
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Bradykinin
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-vasodilator
-thought to play key role in blood flow and capillary leakage in inflamed tissues |
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Prostaglandins
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-some produce vasocontriction, some produce vasodilation
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Continuous capillaries
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-tunica intima is continuous
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Fenestrated Capillaries
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-have holes
-per,eable to solutes and fluids -all endocrine organs |
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Sinusoidal Capillaries
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-large pores
-convoluted shape -pass through very slowly -liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes |
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Capillary Filtration
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-pushes H20 out of cap into interstitium
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Cap Colloidal
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-pull water into capillary
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Interstitial hydrostatic
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-opposes movement in/out of capillary
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Tissue Colloidal
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-pushes water out of cap into interstitium
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Parasympathetic
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-inhibitory
-vagus -decrease HR |
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Sympathetic
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-excitatory
-increase everything |
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Baroreceptors
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-respond to changes in stretch by sending impulse to CV centers in brainstem
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Chemoreceptors
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-monitor O2, CO2, and H content of blood
-located in carotid bodies |
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CNS ischemic response
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-raise BP to 270 for 10 minutes
-only happens when BP reaches 60 |
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Cushing Reflex
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-produces an increase in arterial pressure to levels above ICP so that blood flow to vasomotor center can be reestablished
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Superficial Veins
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-saphenous, tributanes
-1 degree vericose veins -cx= standing and increased abd pressure |
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Deep Veins
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-2 degree vericose veins
-cx= DVT |
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Venous Insufficiency
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-valve cannot close causing blood to pool at lower levels and push blood in wrong direction
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Stasis Dermatitis
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-in advanced venous insufficiency due to impaired tissue nutrition
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Stasis Ulcers
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-injury can lead to ucers due to the difficult to heal
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PAD
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-smoking, DM, obesity
-dont see it until there is 50% blockage -atheroclerosis of the extremities |
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Thromboangitis Obliterans
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-inflammatory arterial disorder causing thrombus formation
-MC in legs and feet -smoking!! -may require amputation -no hair, cold, diminished pulses |
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Raynaud
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-intemse vasospasm of arteries/arterioles in fingers
-sympathetic withdrawal |
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Chylomicrons
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-largest
-small intestine -transport of dietary -triglycerides and protein -transfer tri to adipose and skeletal muscle |
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VLDL
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-liver
-endogenous triglycerides -reduce to IDL |
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IDL
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-main source of LDL
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LDL
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-bad
-removed from liver and transported to periphery |
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HDL
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-good
-takes cholesterol and puts it back in the liver -reduces oxidation |
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Atherosclerosis
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-Injury
-Migration of Inflammatory cells -Lipid Accumulation -Plaque formation |
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Diuretics
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-lower BP by icreasing Na/H2O excretion
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Beta Blocker
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-decrease HR and CO
-decrease renin release |
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ACE inhibitor
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-prevent conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
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CCB
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-inhibit movement of Ca into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle
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Alpha 1 antagonists
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-block alpha 1 and reduced effect of sympathetic nervous system on vascular smooth muscle tone of vessels that regulate peripheral resistance
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Centrally acting adrenergic agonists
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-block sympathetic outflow
from CNS -alpha 2 agonists |
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Direct-acting smooth muscle vasodilators
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-promote decrease in peripheral vascular resistance by producing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle
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Malignant HTN
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-sudden elevation in BP w/ diastolic vlues above 120 mmHg w/ evidence of acute organ dysfunction
-renal damage |
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Left Coronary Artery
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-LDA
-Left circumflex -LMA |
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Right Coronary Artery
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-PDA
-RMA -Av nodal |
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Great Cardiac Vein
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-drains area supplied by LAD
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Middle Cardiac Vein
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-drains area by PDA
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Small Cardiac Veins
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-drains blood from post. surfaces of right atrium and ventricle
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Anterior Cardiac Veins
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-drains into Right atrium
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Coronary Sinus
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-coronary veins attach here
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Cardiac Reserve
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-the max percentage of increase in CO that can be achieved above normal resting level
-300%-400% |
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Aortic Aneurysms
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-may be involved in ascending aorta, descending aorta, the aortic arch, the thoracoabdominal aorta, and abdominal aorta
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Pulse Pressure
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-difference between systolic and diastolic
-the force the heart generates each time it contracts |
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Orthostatic Hypotension Causes:
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-fluid deficit
-meds (HTN and psychotropic) -aging -ANS -Bed rest |
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PDA
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-left to right
-machinery pansystolic sound |
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ASD
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-left to right
-S2 is split |
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VSD
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-left to right
-pansystolic |
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Pulmonary Stenosis
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-systolic
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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-right to left
-harsh systolic ejection |
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PVC
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-ischemia, MI, ventricular hypertrophy, infection, increased sympathetic activity, or HR
-alectrolyte imbalance or medication |
