Cardiology Ii

Front 1

What is the pathogenesis of SAS in dogs? in cats?

Back 1

dogs- subvalvular fibrous ring in the left ventricular outflow tract
cats- supravalvular

Front 2

describe the mumur heard with Subaortic stenosis

Back 2

systolic, ejection-type mumur heard loudest over the aortic valve

Front 3

With SAS, what two sequela may be found with the heart?

Back 3

pressure-overload induced left ventricular (concentric) hypertrophy and 2. AV valve insuffiency

Front 4

what risk does the aortic valve have in an animal with SAS

Back 4

increased risk for bacterial endocarditis

Front 5

Pulmonic stenosis is most commonly seen in what breeds of dogs?

Back 5

toy breeds (esp. chihuahuas, minature schnauzers, and fox terriers)

Front 6

what is the pathophys of pulmonic stenosis

Back 6

dysplatic changes in the pulmonic valve

Front 7

With pulmonic stenosis, what two sequela may be found with the heart?

Back 7

right ventricular hypertrophy accompained by tricuspid valve insuffiency and right atrial dilation

Front 8

what heart sounds may be audible with pulmonic stenosis

Back 8

1. systolic ejection mumur w/ or w/o a palpable precordial thrill
2. a split S2 (delayed closure of the pulmonic valve
3. systolic mumur associated with tricuspid valve insuffiency

Front 9

What are the surgical options for treatment of pulmonic stenosis? and how do you choice the choice of treatment?

Back 9

1. balloon vulvoplasty (non surgical)
2. patch graft
3. vulvulotomy
4. conduit
depends on the level/degree of subvalvular muscular hypertrophy that contribute to outflow obstruction

Front 10

What breed of dog is ventricular septal defect inherited in?

Back 10

keeshonds

Front 11

VSD is most common in what spp?

Back 11

in cats

Front 12

what is the pathophysiology of VSD

Back 12

similiar to that of PDA, left-to-right shunting of blood resulting in a volume overload

Front 13

what type of mumur is auscultated with ventricular septal defects?

Back 13

harsh, holosystolic mumur heard over the right sternal border (2 to 4th intercostal space)

Front 14

when will you get right-to-left shunting of the blood with a ventricular septal defect?

Back 14

if pulmonary hypertension, pulmonic stenosis increase ventricular outflow resistance, right ventricular hypertrophy increases right ventricular pressure

Front 15

VSDs occur most frequently where on the septum

Back 15

usually in the membranous portion, (high in the interventricular septum)

Front 16

what are the treatment options for animals with a small/mild VSD

Back 16

no treatment is required, these will normally close within the first 2 years of life

Front 17

what are the treatment options for animals with moderate/severe VSD

Back 17

1. pulmonary artery banding
2. open heart surgery- surgical closure of the defect (good prognosis)
both are CONTRAINDICATED if right-to-left shunting has developed

Front 18

what mumurs can you expect to hear with Atrial septal defect?

Back 18

1. soft systolic mumur over the pulmonic and tricuspid valve and the S2 is split
2. systolic mumur caused by pulmonic stenosis on left heart base (related to volume overload)
3. soft diastole mumur over the right hemithorax associated with tricuspid stenosis (related to volume overload)

Front 19

what electrocardiographic findings are indicative of right atrial and ventricular enlargement?

Back 19

r. atrial enlargement- P pulmonale
r. ventricular enlargement- right axis deviation and deep S waves in lead I, II, III

Front 20

what breeds are commonly affected with tricuspid valve dysplasia

Back 20

Male old english sheepdogs, german sherpaherds dogs, weimaraners, and labrador retrievers

Front 21

what mumur is heard with tricuspid valve dysplacia

Back 21

holosystolic mumur over the tricuspid area

Front 22

what electrocardiographic findings may be seen with tricuspid valve dysplacia

Back 22

atrial arrthymias, especially atrial fibrillation

Front 23

what is tetralogy of fallot composed of?

Back 23

ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy and overriding (dextropositioning) of the aorta

Front 24

describe the pathophys of tetraology of fallot

Back 24

pulmonic stenosis with resulatant right ventricualr hypertorphy which causes a right to left shunting throught the VSD. admixture of unoxygenated blood causing varing degrees of hypoxemia. stimulates the kidney to release hypoxemia-stimulated erythropoietin. increase PCV- sludging of blood, poor tissue oxygenation, intravascular thrombosis, stroke, seizures, hemorrhage, rarely, arrthymias

Front 25

what are the treatment options for tetralogy of fallot?

Back 25

1. definitive correction- open heart surgery
2. palliative surgery- anastomosis of the subclavian artery or ascending aorta to the pulmonary artery
3. phlebotomy
4. Beta-adrenergic blockers

Front 26

what is the hallmark sign of Persistant right aortic arch?

Back 26

regurgitation

Front 27

what is the most common vascular ring anomaly in the dog?

Back 27

PRAA (persistant right aortic arch)

Front 28

what radiographic finding is seen in lungs with pneumonia

Back 28

bronchoalveolar pattern in the dependent lobes

Front 29

what is the treatment for PRAA?

Back 29

surgical division of the ligamentum arteriosum to relieve esophageal constricution

Front 30

what is the prognosis for animals with PRAA

Back 30

good, but depends on the function of the esophagus. some dogs have persistant regurgitation even after surgical treatment