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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the intermediate host for Dirofiliaria immitus
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Female mosquitos that are infected after a blood meal from a dog with microfilaria (L1)
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How long does it take L1 to develop to L3 in the mosquito
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approx 2.5 weeks
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What larval stage enters the bite wound of a dog for infection
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L3
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How long does it take L3 to migrate through the tissues and develop into L5?
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100 days
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What is the prepatent period of Dirofiliaria
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6 months
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What is occult heartworm disease?
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the presence of adult heartworms without circulating microfilaria
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what is the most common cause of pulmonary hypertension in dogs?
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heartworms due to infecting the pulmonary vasculature
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Who is most commonly infected with heartworms
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large breed, male, outdoor dogs with no prophylactic treatment, avg age 4-8 years
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How can diagnosis be made for heartworm identification in dogs?
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1. heartworm antigen test
2. detection of circulating microfilaria (a. direct blood smear, b. concentration test) |
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what can cause false negative tests with a heartworm antigen test?
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1. only immature worms
2. the number of worms is small 3. no gravid females worms present |
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what is considered "characteristic" sometimes even "pathognomic" for heartworm disease on radiographs?
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1. right sided heart enlargement
2. dilation of the main pulmonary artery 3. dilated, tortuous caudal lobar pulmonary arteries |
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how does the ECG present in most dogs affected with heartworm?
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mainly normal but may see signs of right ventricular enlargement
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what complication is associated with adulticide therapy?
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post-adulticide thromboembolic lung disease
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what adulticide therapy is used in dogs with heartworm disease?
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1. thiacertarsamide, an arsenical
2. melarsomine dihydrochloride |
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What drug(s) will decrease the worm kill if given with thiacertarsamide?
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glucocorticoids
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what are the side effects of thiacetarsamide?
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1. hepatotoxic
2. tissue necrosis and sloughing if extravasated |
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how should thiacetarsamide be administered?
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IV, every 8-12 hours for four treatments using a butterfly or indwelling catherter
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what is the difference between the two adulticide therapy drugs in dogs?
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melarsmine has superior efficacy, has fewer side effects and is easier to administer
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what drugs are used for your microfilaricide therapy?
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ivermectin or milbemycin
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how do you confirm treatment success
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1. microfilaria concnetration test 3 weeks after microfilaricide therapy
2. heartworm antigen test 3 months after removal of adult worms |
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what laboratory findings do you expect to see in an animal that has complication of adulticide therapy: post-adulticide thromboembolic lung disease?
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thrombocytopenia, prolonged clotting times, and increased amounts of fibrin degredation products
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increased amounts of fibrin degredation products are indicative of what
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low grade DIC
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what should be administered in cases of low grade DIC
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heparin or aspirin for 2-4 weeks
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what are three treatment regimens that can be used in the face of severe pulmonary arterial disease due to heartworm infection in dogs?
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1. surgical removal of the worms- forceps via jugular vein using fluoroscopy
2. melarsamine dihydrochloride (low/reduced dose)-kill portion of worms 3. prolonged cage confinement and aspirin/heparin |
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immune-mediated removal of microfilaria in dogs with occult infection causes what
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allergic pneumonitis
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what defines caval syndrome in dogs
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very heavy worm numbers of greater than 75 to 100 worms that move into the right atrium and vena cava
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what prophylaxtic agents are used for heartworm disease in dogs and how often are they administered
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1. DEC- administered daily
2. milbemicin or ivermectin- administered monthly |
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what is the most common pericardial disorder in dogs and cats
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pericardial effusion
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what is the most common congenital malformation affecting the pericardium in dogs and cats
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peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia
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what is the only primary heart tumor that occurs with frequency
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hemangiosarcoma
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