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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What term describes the inadequate blood flow to any tissue?
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Ischemia
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What term describes persistent ischemia leading to permanent tissue damage?
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Infarction
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What term describes cell death (not apoptosis)?
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Necrosis
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What substances does the cardiovascular system transport?
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Blood carries nutrients, waste products, hormones, electrolytes, water, and oxygen.
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What are the two modes of transport used in the CV system?
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Bulk Flow and Diffusion
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What type of pressure is measured along the length of a BV?
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Perfusion pressure
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What type of pressure describes the difference between the inside and outside of a BV?
What is another name for this pressure? |
Transmural pressure or Distending pressure
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What causes a stroke?
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A cerebral infarct
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What is another name for a blood clot?
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Thrombus
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What happens if a thrombus interrupts blood flow in a coronary artery?
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Myocardial ischemia leads to a myocardial infarction.
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T or F:
Cerebral vascular disease and coronary artery disease are very common in veterinary medicine |
False
These diseases are common in human medicine. |
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T or F:
Cardiac diseases are common in veterinary medicine. |
True
These diseases are common in veterinary medicine |
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Are the Pulmonary and Systemic circulations arranged in parallel or in series with respect to one another?
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Arranged in series; blood must go through the pulmonary followed by systemic then back to pulmonary
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How many capillary beds does a RBC pass through in a single circuit (either pulmonary or systemic)?
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Usually only one capillary bed
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An exception to the one capillary bed rule is called what?
What are three examples of this exception? |
Portal system
1) Splanchnic Circulation - allows nutrients absorbed in GI to be delivered to liver 2) Kidneys - allows kidneys to adjust water/electrolyte balance 3) Hypothalamic/hypophyseal portal system - allows for hormonal regulation |
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Define cardiac output
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The volume of blood pumped each minute by one ventricle
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How can cardiac output be estimated for most mammals?
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CO = ~3L/min/m2 (surface area of animal)
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T or F:
THe perfusion pressure for the systemic circulation is greater than the perfusion pressure for pulmonary circulation. |
True!
Systemic circulation requires a greater pressure since there is a greater volume of blood and a much greater length of bloodflow. |
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Define Systolic pressure.
Define Diastolic pressure. |
Systolic - the peak pressure achieved
Diastolic - the minimum pressure achieved |
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What is the "standard" systolic/diastolic pressure for systemic circulation?
For Pulmonary circulation? |
120/80 - systemic
20/8 - pulmonary |
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Define mean aortic pressure? What is the mean aortic systemic pressure?
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Average value of pulsatile pressure in aorta.
Average is 93 to 98 mm Hg (93 by Hall) |
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How do you calculate perfusion pressure for systemic circulation? For pulmonary circulation?
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Mean aortic pressure (outflow) - mean inflow pressure at RA = systemic perfusion pressure
Mean pulmonic pressure (outflow from RV) - mean inflow pressure at left atrium = Pulmonary perfusion pressure |
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T or F:
Systemic circulation is high-pressure, low-resistance. |
False
Systemic circulation is high-pressure, high-resistance |
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T or F
Pulmonary circulation is low-pressure, low-resistance. |
True
Less pressure is necessary on the pulmonic side since there is less resistance to flow. |
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What percent of blood is in systemic circulation?
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75% in systemic
25% in pulmonary |
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Where is most of the blood found in systemic circulation?
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80% in venules and veins
15% in arteries and arterioles 5% in capillaries |
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What cardiovascular structure is known as a blood reservoir?
A high-pressure conduit? A gate? Exchange vessels? |
Veins
Arteries Arterioles Capillaries |
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What is the difference between a metarteriole and a capillary?
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True capillaries lack smooth muscle
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How viscous is normal blood vs. water?
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blood is ~3.5x thicker than water
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What is the cellular fraction of a hematocrit called? What is in this fraction?
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PCV - packed cell volume
RBCs, WBCs, platelets |
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What is the non-cellular fraction of a hematocrit called? If the blood is clotted, what is it called?
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Plasma is the non-cellular fraction
Plasma without clotting factors is called serum |
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What is the normal canid hematocrit range?
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35 - 57% PCV
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What term describes the bluish-red color of deoxygenated (reduced) Hemoglobin?
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Cyanotic
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What modulates the ability of blood to carry oxygen?
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Temperature, pH, DPG concentration, MHC (mean content of hemoglobin per RBC), and MCHC (mean cell hemoglobin concentration).
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What is an abnormally high hematocrit PCV called? An abnormally low value?
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High - polycythemia
Low - anemia |
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What term describes inadequate tissue circulatory profusion?
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Shock
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Name some types of shock:
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Hypovolemic shock (volume loss)
Septic shock (infection) Cardiogenic shock (heart failure) Anaphylactic shock Neurogenic shock |
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Where is the heart located?
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Between the 4th and the 7th intercostal spaces
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