Cardiology

Front 1

heart sounds are created by:

Back 1

turbulent blood flow and associated vibration in adjacent tissue during the cardiac cycle.

Front 2

Transient heart sounds are

Back 2

those of short duration

Front 3

Cardiac murmurs are (as compared to transient heart sounds)

Back 3

longer sounds occurring during a normally silent part of the cardiac cycle

Front 4

S1 are best heard with the bell or the diaphragm?
S1 sounds are caused by?

Back 4

Diaphragm (higher frequency)

vibrations from closure and tensing of the mitral and tricuspid valves (AV valves) and associated structures at the beginning of systole. The precordial impulse is felt just after S1 andthe arterial pulse is felt between S1 and S2.

Front 5

S2 sounds are caused by?

Back 5

are associated with the aortic and pulmonic valve closure at the end of ejection.

Front 6

Which are systolic sounds?
Which are diastolic sounds?
Which sounds are normally heard in small animals?

Back 6

1. S1 and S2
2. S3 and S4
3. S1 and S2

Front 7

What events are associated with
A) S3
B) S4

Back 7

A) left ventricular filling
B) i'm confused!

Front 8

An audible S3 usually means?

Back 8

ventricular dilation and failure. It is most often heard with dilated cardomyopathy

Front 9

An audible S4 usually means?

Back 9

an abnormally stiff, thick ventricle. Often associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Front 10

Systolics clicks are heard in mid-to late systole over what area? and associated with what disease?

Back 10

over the mitral valve area.
associated with degenerative valvular disease (endocardiosis), mitral vavle prolapse, or congenital mitral dysplasia

Front 11

Cardiac murmurs are described by?

Back 11

timing within the cardiac cycle, intensity, PMI on the precordium, radiation over the chest wall, quality, and pitch. Also, by their shape on phonocardiogram

Front 12

4 types of systolic murmurs

Back 12

1) protosystolic
2) mesosystolic
3) telesystolic
4) holosystolic

Front 13

2 types of diastolic murmurs?

Back 13

1) protodiastolic
2) holodiastolic

Front 14

Which murmur occurs throughout systole and diastole?

Back 14

continuous (machinery) murmurs

Front 15

Physiologic murmurs are associated with?

Back 15

anemia, fever, high sympathetic tone, hyperthyroidism, peripheral arterovenous fistulae, hypoproteinemia, and athletic hearts.
Heart itself is fine.

Front 16

Mitral insufficiency murmurs are heard best where?

Back 16

at the left apex in the area of the mitral valve. Radiates well dorsally and to the left base and right chest wall.

Front 17

What type of murmur does Mitral insufficieny usually produce?

Back 17

holosystolic (plateau), though if very early in disease it can be protosystolic.

Front 18

Tricuspid insufficiency murmurs are best heard where?

Back 18

at the right apex, over the tricuspid valve.

Front 19

What are the differences between a mitral and tricuspid insufficiency murmur?

Back 19

different pitch or quality and tricuspid insufficieny murmurs often have jugular pulsations.

Front 20

Ventral septal defects result in what type of murmur?
Where is the PMI?

Back 20

holosystolic (plateau) murmur
2. right sternal border (reflects direction of the intracardiac shunt). Larger ventricular septal defects may also cause the murmur of relative pulmonic stenosis.

Front 21

Continuous murmur occurs when?
indicate what?
most common cause?

Back 21

throughout the cardiac cycle.
indicates that there is a significant pressure gradient between two connecting vessels. There is no interruption at S2, rather it is often louder. With slow heart rates, may taper at end of diastole.
Patent ductus arteriosus

Front 22

PDA's PMI is where?
PDA is the most common type of what murmur?

Back 22

high on the left base above the pulmonic valve area. tends to radiate cranially, ventrally, and to the right. Systolic it is more prominent, diastolic more localized and quiet.
Continuous murmur.

Front 23

Diastolic murmurs..
1) common/uncommon
2) most common cause?
3) when and where best heard?

Back 23

1) uncommon in dogs/cats
2) bacterial endocarditis
3) begin at S2 and best heard at left base

Front 24

systolic ejection murmur
1) caused by ?
2) PMI ?

Back 24

1) aortic, subaortic, or pulmonic stenosis
2) subaortic stenosis PMI is low on left base and also right base
pulmonic stenosis PMI is high on the left base

Front 25

Relative pneumonic stenosis is?

Back 25

occurs when the valve is ok, but the flow is excessive (large left to right shunting of a atrial or ventricular septal defect)