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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Does atrial natriuretic peptide respond to changes in volume, pressure, or both?
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Volume expansion
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Does brain natriuretic peptide respond to changes in volume, pressure, or both?
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Both
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Where is BNP found?
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Ventricles
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What stimulates the release of C natriuretic peptide?
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Shear stress
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True or false. C natriuretic peptide causes vasodilation and natriuresis.
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False. Only causes vasodilation
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Basophilic degeneration is sometimes associated with what thyroid disorder in younger patients?
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Hyperthyroidism
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In aging patients, the ascending aorta shifts to what side?
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Right side
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What is congestive heart failure?
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Pathophysiologic state where the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet demands
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What is ischemic heart disease?
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General term for group of syndromes that result from myocardial ischemia. Imbalance of supply and demand
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Complications of atherosclerosis are not usually seen until how much of the artery is obstructed?
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>75%
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Vasospasm is associated with what type of angina?
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Prinzmetal (atypical) angina
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What are the four syndromes included under the umbrella of ischemic heart disease?
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Myocardial infarction
Angina Chronic IHD Sudden cardiac death |
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Symptoms of atherosclerosis at rest occurs when what percent of the vessel is occluded?
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90%
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What causes unstable angina?
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Platelet rupture that causes partial occlusion of the artery
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What needs to occur in order to classify something as a myocardial infarction?
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Necrosis
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How can vasospasm lead to ischemia?
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Inappropriate contraction can lead to vasoconstriction-->ischemia
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Myocardial infarction mostly occurs in which ventricle?
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Left ventricle
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Does primary or secondary cardiomyopathy have a known cause?
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Secondary cardiomyopathy
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What finding distinguishes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from idiopathic concentric LV hypertrophy?
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has myofiber disarray while idiopathic concentric LV hypertrophy does not
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Isolated atrial amyloidosis consists of ____ while atrioventricular amyloidosis consists of ____.
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ANP
Transthyretin |
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Which cardiac tumor has a gelatinous, pedunculated appearance?
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Myxoma
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Where in the heart are myxomas usually found?
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Left atrial septum in region of fossa ovalis
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What kind of cells give rise to myxomas?
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Mesenchymal cells
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Constitutional symptoms such as malaise and fever in patients with myxoma is due to the secretion of what?
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IL-6 (cytokine)
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Histological sample shows spider like cells. Which tumor do you suspect?
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Rhabdomyoma
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How do myxomas and rhabodmyomas differ in their location?
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Myoxoma-atria
Rhabodmyoma-ventricle |
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What is the most common primary cardiac malignant tumor?
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Angiosarcoma
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Where are angiosarcomas usually found?
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Right atrium
Pericardium |
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Which viruses most commonly cause myocarditis?
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Coxsackievirus
ECHO (Enterovirus) |
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Chagas disease -- link to area?
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South America
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What is the most common helminthic disease with cardiac localization?
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Trichinosis
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Where would you biopsy to diagnose Trichinosis infection of the heart?
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Skeletal muscle
Tongue |
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How does Lyme disease affect the heart?
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Affects conduction system-->Heart block-->heart failure
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What is the hallmark finding that defines sarcoid infection of the heart?
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Non-caseating granulomas
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Hypersensitivity drug reactions can lead to what kind of myocarditis?
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Eosinophilic myocarditis
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What is the difference between stenosis and insufficiency?
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Stenosis=inability to OPEN completely
Insufficiency=inability to CLOSE completely |
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Which class of bacteria is involved in rheumatic fever/heart disease?
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Streptococcus
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Acute rheumatic fever usually has its first episode at what age?
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5-15 years
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What are Anitschkow cells?
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Activated macrophages found in Aschoff bodies
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Endocarditis typically infects which valve?
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Mitral valve
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Mitral valve prolapse has an increased incidence in which disease?
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Connective tissue disorders (ie. Marfans, Ehlers Danlos)
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Which gender more often has mitral prolapse?
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Females
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Detection of a mid-systolic click can be indicative of which disease?
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Myxomatous degeneration of mitral valve
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Which two bacteria most commonly cause infective endocarditis?
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Staphylococcus
Streptococcus |
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Intravenous drug use usually infect which side of the heart?
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Right valves (goes through veins --> right side)
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Which bacteria usually causes acute and subacute endocarditis?
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Acute=S. aureus
Subacute=alpha streptococcus |
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Libman-Sacks endocarditis is associated with what autoimmune disease?
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Lupus
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Carcinoid syndrome usually affects which side of the heart?
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Right side (pulmonic valve, tricuspid, right ventricle)
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Severity of carcinoid syndrome correlates with high concentrations of which substances?
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Seratonin
Urinary 5-HIAA |
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Vegetations on both sides of the mitral valve is indicative of what condition?
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Libman-Sacks endocarditis
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Carney syndrome is associated with which tumor?
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Myxoma
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Tuberous sclerosis is associated with what tumor?
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Rhabdomyoma
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What are the three types of arteriosclerosis?
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Atherosclerosis
Arteriolosclerosis Monckeberg's medial calcific sclerosis |
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Mitral valve prolapse also puts patients at risk for what other mitral valve condition?
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Mitral annulus calcification
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What is the most common cause of acquired mitral valve stenosis?
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Rheumatic heart disease
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Which types of cancer tend to metastasize to the heart?
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Lung
Breast Lymphoma Melanoma |
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What components are found in an atherosclerotic plaque?
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Lipid
Collagen Proteoglycans Elastin |
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What is good cholesterol? Bad cholesterol?
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Good=HDL
Bad=LDL |
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When do you first see fatty streaks?
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10-12 years of age
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Monkeberg's Medial Calcific Stenosis does not affect the lumen. True or false.
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True
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Monckeberg's Medial Calcific Sclerosis typically develops in patients over what age?
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50 years
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Arteriolosclerosis is typically a consequence of what?
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Malignant hypertension
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What is the most common cause of aneurysm?
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Atherosclerosis
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What is a common cause of aortic dissection?
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Uncontrolled hypertension
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Aortic dissection is also associated with which connective tissue disorder?
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Marfans
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Atherosclerosis is a risk factor for aortic dissection. True or false.
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False--may actually be protective
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What is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death?
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Ischemic heart disease
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How do hyaline type arteriolosclerosis and hyperplastic type arteriolosclerosis differ in their associations?
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Hyaline type-diabetes and benign HTN
Hyperplastic type-malignant HTN |
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What are some consequences of aneurysm?
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Thrombosis & embolism
Impinge on other structures Rupture |
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Aneurysms most often affect which blood vessel?
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Abdominal aorta
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Tertiary syphilis can be associated with which type of aneurysm?
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Thoracic aneurysm
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Is a retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal aneurysm rupture better?
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Retroperitoneal--back can provide resistance and hold hemorrhage in place until patient can be attended to
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Aortic valve ring dilatation can result from which type of aneurysm?
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Thoracic
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Aortic dissection in women can also be related to what?
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Pregnancy
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What four things can happen with an aortic dissection, behavior wise?
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Rupture
Localize and become false aneurysm Become double barrel aorta Heal (rare) |
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How is Type A aortic dissection different from Type B?
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Type A involves the ascending aorta
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Mycotic aneurysms can be secondary to which condition?
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Infective vasculitis
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In which conditions do you see fibrinoid necrosis?
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Malignant HTN
Vasculitis |
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P-ANCA is associated with which vasculitis diseases?
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Polyarteritis nodosa
Churg-Strauss Syndrome Hypersensitivity Angitis |
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Hepatitis B antigen can be associated with which vasculitis disorder?
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Hepatits B
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Kawasaki's disease typically affects which age group?
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Children, <4 years of age
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C-ANCA is associated with which vasculitis disease?
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Wegener's Granulomatosis
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Wegener's granulomatosis affects which organs?
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Nasopharynx
Lungs Kidney |
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Buerger's disease can be seen in non-smokers. True or false.
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FALSE. Very rare in non-smokers
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How do you treat giant cell arteritis/temporal arteritis?
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Cortical steroids
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Takayasu's arteritis typically involves which blood vessel?
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Ascending aorta and major branches (carotid, brachiocephalic, subclavian)
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Why is CK-MB a useful marker to test for reinfarction?
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Only lasts 2-3 days--can look at peak levels
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How does diptheria affect the heart?
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Produces endotoxin that attacks the heart, leading to heart failure
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Most fungal infections form granulomas but what is the appearance of Candida infection?
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Super inflammation or abscess
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What are the major controllable risk factors for atherosclerosis?
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Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia Diabetes Smoking |
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What is the distribution of atherosclerosis?
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Abdominal aorta>coronary>popliteal>thoracic>carotid
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What are examples of elastic arteries in the body?
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Pulmonary and aorta
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What is Leriche syndrome?
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Thrombosis of aorta
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Papillary fibroelastomas are found on which side in adults and children?
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Children--right
Adults--left |
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What are the risk factors for a rupture of a myocardial infarct?
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>60 years
Female>Male |
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What is the incidence of myocardial rupture after an MI of the free wall versus interventricular septum?
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Free wall>IVS
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Thromboangitis obliterans is also known as what?
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Buerger's disease
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Monckeberg's Medial Calcific Sclerosis typically affects which arteries?
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Femoral
Tibial Ulnar Radial Genital arteries |
