Cardio Vascular

Front 1

What does Iso mean?

Back 1

equal; nothing changes

Front 2

What does the QT interval of an ECG represent?

Back 2

Ventricular Systole

Front 3

What does the region from the T wave back to the Q wave of an ECG represent?

Back 3

Ventricular Diastole

*QT interval = ventricular systole

*TQ = ventricular diastole

Front 4

One complete beat of the heart is called?

Back 4

Cardiac cycle

Front 5

Name the 4 phases of the Cardiac cycle.

Back 5

1. IsoVolumic Contration Time (IVCT)
2. Systole
3. IsoVolumic Relaxation Time (IVRT)
4. Diastole
   

Front 6

Which Cardiac cycle phase follows after the R wave of an ECG?

Back 6

IsoVolumic Contraction Time (IVCT)

Front 7

What is normal arterial pressure?

Back 7

120/80 mmHg

Front 8

What is the normal LA pressure?

Back 8

10 mmHg

Front 9

When is the LV at its lowest pressure?

Back 9

early diastole

Front 10

True/False:

When the MV is open during ventricular diastole, there is no pressure difference.

Back 10

True

Front 11

True/False:

Arterial pressure is high, thus, the Ao and AoV pressures are high.

Back 11

True

Front 12

True/False:

Atrial pressure is generally low.

Back 12

True

Front 13

What does the Pulmonary Capillary Wedge (PCW) measure?

Back 13

LA pressure

Front 14

The LV pressure bounces between the __________ pressure and _____________ pressure.

Back 14

Atrial

Aortic

Front 15

Which valve lies between the LA and LV and lives low in pressure.

Back 15

Mitral Valve

Front 16

When a normal valve is open, there is very little _________________ between the chamber on either side of the valve.

Back 16

pressure difference

Front 17

When the AoV is open, the LV and Ao pressure are ________________.

Back 17

nearly identical

Front 18

During _____________ and ______________, all valves are closed.

Back 18

IsoVolumic Contraction Time (IVCT)

IsoVolumic Relaxation Time (IVRT)

Front 19

During IVCT and IVRT, all of the valves are ____________.

Back 19

closed

Front 20

When the MV is open, the LA and LV pressure are _______________.

Back 20

nearly identical

Front 21

What is the normal systolic/diastolic Aortic pressure?

Back 21

120 systolic / 80 diastolic

(mmHg)

Front 22

What is the normal systolic/diastolic Pulmonic pressure?

Back 22

25 systolic / 10 diastolic

(mmHg)

Front 23

What is the normal MEAN pressure for the Right Atrium?

Back 23

6 mmHg

Front 24

What is the normal systolic/diastolic pressure for the Right Ventricle?

Back 24

25 systolic / 5 diastolic

(mmHg)

Front 25

What is the normal MEAN Left Atrium pressure?

Back 25

10 mmHg

Front 26

What is the normal systolic/diastolic pressure for the Left Ventricle?

Back 26

120 systolic / 7 diastolic

(mmHg)

Front 27

What is the MEAN pressure of the Pulmonary Capillary Wedge (PCW)?

Back 27

10 mmHg

*same as LA pressure

Front 28

How is a Wedge Pressure obtained?

Back 28

1. insertion of a catheter into a systemic vein
2. passing it into the RA and RV
3. advancing until the open end is wedged into a small branch of the Pulmonary arterial tree
   

Front 29

True/False:

Wedge pressure closely approximates LA pressure.

Back 29

True

Front 30

What represents the amount of filling pressure exerted on the LV during diastole?

Back 30

Wedge pressure

(PCW)

Front 31

What is the normal range of Wedge pressure?

Back 31

7-10 mmHg

Front 32

If a patient has MR, it occurs during?

Back 32

QT interval (systole)

Front 33

What percentage of LV filling happens in early diastole?

Back 33

75%

Front 34

The _________________ helps the remaining blood from the LA into the LV.

Back 34

Atrial Kick (atrial systole)

*P wave

Front 35

In order to compensate for a decrease in rapid filling during diastole and a decrease in LV end diastole volume (LVEDV), the filling must come from?

Back 35

Atrial Kick (atrial systole)

Front 36

True/False:

If a patient has A-fib, they DO NOT have an Atrial kick.

Back 36

True

Front 37

The Atrio-Ventricular Valves _______________ at the beginning of IVCT.

Back 37

close

Front 38

The Atrio-Ventricular Valves close at the beginning of ____________________?

Back 38

IsoVolumic Contraction Time (IVCT)

Front 39

Electrically, the interval between the QRS complex and the end of the T wave of an ECG, is called?

Back 39

Ventricular Systole (QT interval)

Front 40

Mechanically, the interval between the closing of the atrio-ventricular valves and the opening of the semi-lunar valves, is called?

Back 40

IsoVolumic phase of ventricular systole

*(IsoVolumic Contraction Time (IVCT))

Front 41

Name the 2 Semi-Lunar valves.

Back 41

Aortic valve

Pulmonic valve

Front 42

Name the 2 Atrio-Ventricular valves.

Back 42

Mitral Valve

Tricuspid valve

Front 43

If there is a high LV pressure during end diastole (LVEDP), which complication may occur?

Back 43

Pulmonary Edema

Front 44

The flooding of the lungs with blood is called?

Back 44

Pulmonary Edema

Front 45

Low LV compliance dysfunction may cause an increase in?

Back 45

LV end diastole pressure (LVEDP)

Front 46

Which 2 methods are used to quantify the degree of MS or LV dysfunction?

Back 46

1. LA pressure = Systolic BP - MR gradient
2. Indirect pressure of LA using the Swan Ganz catheter
   

Front 47

When the pressure in the Ventricles exceed the pressure in the Atria, the Atrio-Ventricular valves _____________.

Back 47

close

Front 48

When the pressure in the Atria exceed the pressure in the Ventricles, the Atrio-Ventricular valves _______________.

Back 48

open

Front 49

As the Ventricles contract IsoVolumetrically, what happens to their volume?

Back 49

does not change

*Iso

Front 50

Pulmonary Edema can cause Orthopnea, which is?

Back 50

SOB when lying down

Front 51

As the Ventricles contract IsoVolumetrically, the pressure inside ____________.

Back 51

increases

Front 52

The pressure inside the ventricles increase during IsoVolumic __________________ Time.

Back 52

Contraction

Front 53

During which Cardiac cycle phase does the inside pressure of the Ventricles approach the Aorta and Pulmonary artery pressures?

Back 53

IsoVolumic Contraction Time (IVCT)

Front 54

What is the first Heart sound known as?

Back 54

S1 ('Lub')

Front 55

The closing of the Atrio-Ventricular valves and associated blood turbulence is known as?

Back 55

S1 ('Lub')

*1st heart sound

Front 56

To allow the ventricles to contract electrically from the apex of the Heart towards the base, the electrical impulse propagates from the _______________ through the ____________________ and ____________________.

Back 56

AV node

His Bundle

Purkinje system

Front 57

The QRS complex of an ECG represents ventricular?

Back 57

depolarization

*marks beginning of systole

Front 58

What marks the beginning of Ventricular systole on an ECG?

Back 58

QRS complex

Front 59

Ventricular depolarization is represented on an ECG by the?

Back 59

QRS complex

Front 60

When Ventricular pressure exceeds Atrial pressure, the Atrio-Ventricular valves will _______________.

Back 60

close

Front 61

When Atrial pressure exceeds Ventricular pressure, the Atrio-Ventricular valves will _____________.

Back 61

open

Front 62

A word meaning, "same volume".

Back 62

IsoVolumic

Front 63

Which Cardiac cycle phase immediately precedes systole?

Back 63

IVCT

Front 64

True/False:

All four valves are closed during the IVCT contraction.

Back 64

True

Front 65

The closing of which valve starts IVCT?

Back 65

Mitral valve (atrio-ventricular)

Front 66

The opening of which valve ends IVCT?

Back 66

Aortic valve (semi-lunar)

Front 67

True/False:

During IVCT, volumes within the Heart chambers are constant.

Back 67

True

Front 68

During IVCT, pressure is building within the Heart chambers to prepare for _______________.

Back 68

Ventricular Systole

Front 69

When ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure within the Aorta and Pulmonary artery, the Semi-Lunar valves will ________________.

Back 69

open

Front 70

An ejection of blood from the Heart, is called?

Back 70

Systole

Front 71

When Ventricular pressure exceeds Atrial pressure, blood is ejected out of the Heart into the ____________ and _______________, then into the ________________________.

Back 71

Aorta

Pulmonary artery

Great vessels

Front 72

Electrically, ejection of blood begins at the ____________ and proceeds to the _______________ of the Heart.

Back 72

Apex

Base

Front 73

During Ventricular Systole, Atrio-Ventricular valves remain _____________.

Back 73

closed

Front 74

At the completion of ventricular systole, pressure in the ventricles ________________, while pressure in the great vessels have __________________.

Back 74

decrease

increased

Front 75

At the completion of ventricular systole, the Semi-Lunar valves are forced __________.

Back 75

shut

Front 76

Which valves are closed at end-systole?

Back 76

Semi-Lunar valves

Front 77

Closure of which valves begin the IsoVolumic Relaxation Time (IVRT)?

Back 77

Semi-Lunar valves

Front 78

After the peak in Ventricular and Arterial pressures, blood flow out of the Ventricles _____________.

Back 78

decreases

Front 79

After the peak in Ventricular and Arterial pressures, Ventricular volume _____________ more slowly.

Back 79

decreases

Front 80

What represents the closure sound of the Semi-Lunar valves?

Back 80

S2 ('Dup')

Front 81

When pressure in the Ventricles fall below pressure in the Arteries, the Semi-Lunar valves will ____________.

Back 81

close

Front 82

When pressure in the Ventricles fall below pressure in the Arteries, blood in the arteries will begin to flow _______________.

Back 82

backwards toward the Ventricles

*causing semi-lunar valves to close

Front 83

What marks the end of IsoVolumic Ventricular Systole mechanically?

Back 83

opening of the Semi-Lunar valves

Front 84

Electrically, the interval between the QRS complex and the end of the T wave of an ECG is which Cardiac Cycle phase?

Back 84

Ventricular Systole

Front 85

On an ECG strip, which wave is due to Ventricular repolarization?

Back 85

T wave

Front 86

On an ECG strip, which wave represents Atrial depolarization?

Back 86

P wave

*atrial kick

Front 87

On an ECG strip, what represents Ventricular depolarization?

Back 87

QRS complex

Front 88

When Ventricular pressure exceeds the Aortic and Pulmonic Valve pressure, which valves will open?

Back 88

Semi-Lunar valves

Front 89

When Ventricular pressure _____________ the Aortic and Pulmonic valve pressure, the Semi-Lunar valves open.

Back 89

exceeds

Front 90

When Ventricular pressure exceeds the ______________ and _____________ valve pressure, the Semi-Lunar valves open.

Back 90

Aortic

Pulmonic

Front 91

When Great Vessel pressure ______________ LV pressure, the Semi-Lunar valves close.

Back 91

exceeds

Front 92

When the Great Vessel pressure exceeds the _______________ pressure, the Semi-Lunar valves close.

Back 92

Left Ventricle

Front 93

When the Great Vessel pressure exceeds the LV pressure, the Semi-Lunar valves will ___________.

Back 93

close

Front 94

When the Great Vessel pressure exceeds the LV pressure, the _______________ valves will close.

Back 94

Semi-Lunar

Front 95

True/False:

IsoVolumic Relaxation Time (IVRT) is the beginning of systole.

Back 95

False

*IVRT=beginning of diastole

Front 96

During IsoVolumic Relaxation Time (IVRT), all of the valves are _________.

Back 96

closed

Front 97

True/False:

During IsoVolumic Relaxation Time (IVRT), all valves are closed.

Back 97

True

Front 98

Normally the Aortic valve closes slightly earlier then the Pulmonic valve, this is called?

Back 98

Split S2

Front 99

The second Heart sound, S2, occurs when?

Back 99

Semi-Lunar valves close

Front 100

The Atria during diastole fill with blood causing the Atrial pressure to gradually __________.

Back 100

rise

Front 101

During diastole, the pressure in the Ventricles continue to _____________.

Back 101

drop

Front 102

True/False:

During diastole, Ventricular volume is at a minimum ready to be filled again with blood.

Back 102

True

Front 103

IsoVolumic _______________ Time immediately precedes diastole.

Back 103

Relaxation

Front 104

IsoVolumic Relaxation Time (IVRT) immediately precedes _____________.

Back 104

diastole

Front 105

Regarding an ECG strip, the _______________ follows after the T wave.

Back 105

IsoVolumic Relaxation Time (IVRT)

Front 106

IsoVolumic Relaxation Time (IVRT) begins when which valve closes?

Back 106

Aortic valve (semi-lunar)

Front 107

IsoVolumic Relaxation Time (IVRT) ends when which valve opens?

Back 107

Mitral valve (atrio-ventricular)

Front 108

True/False:

During the IsoVolumic Relaxation Time (IVRT), volume within the chambers increase.

Back 108

False

* Volume within the chambers remain constant during IVRT

Front 109

In preparation of Ventricular diastole, the pressure within the Ventricles _______________, and the Atrial pressures _______________.

Back 109

Drop

Rise

Front 110

True/False:

Bradycardia will increase the duration of IVRT.

Back 110

True

Front 111

Period of relaxation when the Ventricles fill with blood, is called?

Back 111

Diastole

Front 112

When Atrial pressure exceeds Ventricular pressure, which valves open so that blood can leave the Atria and enter the Ventricles?

Back 112

Atrio-Ventricular valves

Front 113

When the Atrio-Ventricular valves open allowing blood to leave the Atria and enter the Ventricles, this is called?

Back 113

Passive filling

Front 114

Ventricles experience rapid passive filling during?

Back 114

early diastole

Front 115

During diastole, the Ventricle walls become stretched and the pressures of the Atria and Ventricles reach _________________.

Back 115

equilibrium

Front 116

When the LA and LV pressures reach equilibrium during diastole, the flow of blood will ___________.

Back 116

slow down

Front 117

What does the term Diastasis mean?

Back 117

early diastole

Front 118

During early diastole the Atrio-Ventricular valves are ___________.

Back 118

open

Front 119

During ___________________, Atrial contraction/Atrial systole (atrial kick) occurs.

Back 119

end diastole

Front 120

During diastole, what forces out the remaining blood (end diastolic volume (EDV)) in the Atria?

Back 120

atrial kick

Front 121

What accounts for 10-30% of Ventricular filling?

Back 121

atrial kick

Front 122

As the Atria complete systole and the Ventricular pressures increase, the Atrio-Ventricular valves are forced _____________.

Back 122

shut

Front 123

Define the term, Hemodynamically.

Back 123

blood flow; blood circulation

Front 124

When the heart rate is at a(n) _________________ level, the ventricles have sufficient time in early diastole to fill completely.

Back 124

resting level

Front 125

When the heart rate is at a(n) ___________________ level, ventricle filling during early diastole may be inadequate and atrial systole becomes hemodynamically significant.

Back 125

elevated

Front 126

When the heart rate is elevated, ventricle filling during _____________________ may be inadequate.

Back 126

early diastole

Front 127

When the heart rate is elevated _____________________ becomes hemodynamically significant.

Back 127

atrial systole

Front 128

During _____________________, both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively.

Back 128

Late diastole

Front 129

During _______________________, atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into the ventricles.

Back 129

Atrial systole

Front 130

First phase of ventricular contraction, is called?

Back 130

IsoVolumic Ventricular Contraction

Front 131

The first phase of ventricular contraction that pushes the atrio-ventricular valves closed, but does not create enough pressure to open the semi-lunar valves, is called?

Back 131

IsoVolumic Ventricular Contraction

Front 132

During IsoVolumic Ventricular Contraction the atrio-ventricular valves _______________, but does not create enough pressure to _______________ the semi-lunar valves.

Back 132

closed
open

Front 133

During IsoVolumic Ventricular Contraction the __________________ valves closed, but does not create enough pressure to open the ___________________ valves.

Back 133

atrio-ventricular
semi-lunar

Front 134

During _________________________, ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries.

Back 134

Ventricular ejection

Front 135

During __________________________, the semi-lunar valves open and blood is ejected.

Back 135

Ventricular ejection

Front 136

During Ventricular ejection, the __________________ valves open and blood is ejected.

Back 136

semi-lunar valves

Front 137

During _____________________, ventricles relax and the pressure in the ventricles fall.

Back 137

IsoVolumic Ventricular Relaxation

Front 138

During _______________________, blood flows back into cups of semi-lunar valves and snaps them closed.

Back 138

IsoVolumic Ventricular Relaxation

Front 139

Which 3 phases occur during Ventricular diastole?

Back 139

Late diastole

Atrial systole

IsoVolumic Ventricular Relaxation

Front 140

Which 4 phases occur during Atrial diastole?

Back 140

Late diastole

IsoVolumic Ventricular Contraction

Ventricular ejection

IsoVolumic Ventricular Relaxation

Front 141

Which 2 phases occur during Ventricular systole?

Back 141

IsoVolumic Ventricular Contraction

Ventricular ejection

Front 142

In regards to breathing, what increases venous return?

Back 142

Inspiration

*inhale

Front 143

In regards to breathing, what decreases venous return?

Back 143

Expiration

*exhale

Front 144

Which position decreases venous return and stroke volume?

Back 144

Standing

*working against gravity

Front 145

Which position increases Venous return, Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume?

Back 145

Squatting

Front 146

Which position can increase Aortic Insufficiency?

Back 146

Squatting

Front 147

Which position decreases Idiopathic Hypertrophic SubAortic Stenosis (IHSS)?

Back 147

Squatting

*IHSS = unknown increased muscle subaortic stenosis

Front 148

Term that means to 'bare down'.

Back 148

Valsalva

Front 149

Which body maneuver increases Heart rate, Cardiac Output and Arterial pressure?

Back 149

Handgrip

Front 150

Which body maneuver can increase Mitral regurgitation?

Back 150

Handgrip

Front 151

Which body maneuver can decrease Aortic Stenosis?

Back 151

Handgrip

Front 152

A handgrip can ______________ Mitral Regurgitation and ___________________ Aortic Stenosis.

Back 152

increase MR

decrease AS

Front 153

What are the 2 main phases of Valsalva?

Back 153

Strain

Release

Front 154

Which body maneuver decreases Venous return, Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output, and right sided pressures?

Back 154

Strain

Front 155

True/False:

Most murmurs increase during strain phase.

Back 155

False

*most murmurs decrease during strain phase

Front 156

Which body maneuver increases Idiopathic Hypertrophic SubAortic Stenosis (IHSS)?

Back 156

Strain

Front 157

Which body maneuver increases Venous return, Cardiac Output, and Blood pressure?

Back 157

Release

Front 158

Which body maneuver increases Heart rate, Cardiac Output, and Stroke Volume?

Back 158

Sit ups

Front 159

Which type of murmur obstructs blood flow from the Left Ventricle to the Aorta due to Aortic Stenosis?

Back 159

Forward Flow Murmur

Front 160

Which type of medication decreases peripheral resistance (opens vessels)?

Back 160

Amyl Nitrate inhalation (vasodilator)

Front 161

Which type of medication increases Heart rate, Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume?

Back 161

Amyl Nitrate inhalation (vasodilator)

Front 162

Which type of medication increases forward flow murmurs?

Back 162

Amyl Nitrate inhalation (vasodilator)

Front 163

Which type of medication decreases Aortic Insufficiency and Mitral Regurgitation?

Back 163

Amyl Nitrate inhalation (vasodilator)

Front 164

Which system responds to the metabolic needs of the body?

Back 164

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 165

The Atria and Ventricles belong to which branch of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Back 165

Sympathetic

Front 166

Name the 2 branches of the Autonomic Nervous System.

Back 166

Sympathetic

ParaSympathetic

Front 167

The Vagus nerve belongs to which branch of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Back 167

ParaSympathetic

Front 168

Which branch of the Autonomic Nervous System increases Heart rate, AV node conduction and irritability (fight or flight)?

Back 168

Sympathetic

Front 169

Which branch of the Autonomic Nervous System decreases Heart rate, AV node conduction and irritability (fight or flight)?

Back 169

ParaSympathetic

Front 170

Any impairment that does not allow the LV to fill with blood, is called?

Back 170

Diastolic dysfunction

Front 171

Diastolic dysfunction and can lead to?

Back 171

Heart Failure

Front 172

Which method gives a representation of the amount of filling pressure exerted on the LV during diastole?

Back 172

Wedge pressure

Front 173

If LA pressure is > 20 mmHg, this is a life threatening situation due to?

Back 173

Pulmonary Edema

Front 174

AR, AS, MS, and MR increases the _________________ pressure.

Back 174

Left Atrial pressure

Front 175

Mechanically, what marks the beginning of IsoVolumic Contraction Time?

Back 175

closure of the atrio-ventricular valves

Front 176

True/False:

S2 marks the end of Ventricular systole mechanically.

Back 176

True

Front 177

Mechanically, what marks the end of IsoVolumic Contraction Time?

Back 177

opening of the semi-lunar valves

Front 178

Mechanically, what marks the end of Ventricular systole?

Back 178

closure of the semi-lunar valves

Front 179

The interval between the QRS complex and the end of the T wave of an ECG, represents?

Back 179

Ventricular systole (electrically)

Front 180

During the QT interval, the Aortic valve is ______________

Back 180

open

Front 181

During the QT interval, the Mitral valve is _______________.

Back 181

closed

Front 182

The S3 sound represents?

Back 182

sucking effect of the LV (filling of LV)

*abnormal unless young adult

Front 183

True/False:

An S3 sound is abnormal unless the patient is a young adult.

Back 183

True

Front 184

The S3 sound of an adult represents?

Back 184

abnormal rapid passive filling of the LV

*normal sound in young adults

Front 185

An S3 sound in an adult can be indicative of? (5)

Back 185

Congestive Heart Failure

Severe Hypertension

Mitral valve incompetence

MI

Heart Failure

Front 186

What does the S4 sound represent?

Back 186

Atrial Kick

*but is not heard unless there is an abnormality

*A-fib does not have an atrial kick or S4 sound

Front 187

True/False:

During diastole the heart rate is elevated.

Back 187

True

Front 188

If something is hemodynamically significant it is?

Back 188

disrupting blood flow

Front 189

When taking a breath in, the diaphragm moves down placing pressure on the lower extremity. This causes?

Back 189

increased blood flow from upper body into the Heart (increase venous return)

Front 190

The sucking from Aortic Stenosis causes the Mitral valve leaflets to be sucked up into the Aortic valve, which closes both valves causing Heart failure, this condition is called?

Back 190

Venturi Effect

Front 191

Atrial depolarization occurs during which wave on an ECG rhythm?

Back 191

P wave

(atrial systole)

Front 192

What occurs during Ventricular depolarization?

Back 192

ventricular systole

Front 193

What occurs during Atrial depolarization?

Back 193

atrial systole

Front 194

What occurs during Ventricular repolarization?

Back 194

ventricular diastole