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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
True of false: 50% is classified as secondary HTN (usually resulting from renal disease)
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false. (90% essential/primary, 10% secondary)
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read the questioner's mind: HTN predisposes individuals to this disease (the one John Ritter died of)
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aortic dissection
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Pathology changes associated with HTN
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hyaline thickening & atherosclerosis
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This awful term refers to a stiffening of the arteries that invovles the media. Particularly likely to occur at the radial & ulnar arteries.
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Monckeberg arteriosclerosis
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Atherosclerosis: True or false: atherosclerosis is a disease of small sized arteries
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false. affects elastic, large & medium muscular arteries.
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Atherosclerosis: Earliest sign of atherosclerotic disease
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fatty streak
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Atherosclerosis: most likely location
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abdominal aorta. (then coronary artery, popliteal artery, and carotid artery)
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Type of angina resulting from coronary artery spasm
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Prinzmetal's variant
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This coronary artery branch is most commonly implicated in myocardial infarction
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LAD (left anterior descending)
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most common cause of sudden cardiac death
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(lethal) arrhythmia
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Solid tissues like the heart, brain, kidney and spleen have only a single blood supply (not so good collaterals). Therefore infarcts are more likely to be --?
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pale
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2 instances where red infarct is likely
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(1) reperfusion (2) loose tissues with good collaterals - like the lungs or intestine
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Evolution of MI: Rank the following vessels from most to least commonly occluded: RCA, LAD, circumflex
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LAD>RCA>circumflex
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Evolution of MI: Histologic changes on day 1 of an MI?
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pallor of infarcted area; coagulative necrosis
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Evolution of MI: days 2-4?
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dilated vessels (hyperemia); neutrophil invasion; extensive coagulative necrosis
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Evolution of MI: days 5-10?
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yellow-brown softening of infarcted region; macrophages present; granulation tissue begins to grow in
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Evolution of MI: after 7 weeks?
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infarct is gray-white; scar complete
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Diagnosis of MI True or false: ECG is not diagnostic during the first 6 hours following an MI
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False; it is the gold standard within this time period
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Diagnosis of MI What is the test of choice within the first 24 hours?
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CK-MB
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Diagnosis of MI This enzyme is elevated from 4 hours up to 10 days after an MI and is the most specific protein marker
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cardiac troponin I
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Diagnosis of MI on ecg, transmural infarction causes ______
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ST elevation, Q wave changes
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MI complications: Most common (90% of patients)
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arryhthmias, esp. 2 days after infarct
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MI complications: automimmune phenomen several weeks post-MI that results in fibrinous pericarditis
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Dressler's syndrome
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MI complications: high risk of mortality
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cardiogenic shock (large infarcts)
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MI complications: seen about a week after the infarction
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rupture of ventricular wall, septum, or papillary muscle
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Cardiomyopathies Most common
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dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy; heart looks like a ballon on X-ray
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Cardiomyopathies True or False: substance abuse is a common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy
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True; cocaine and alcohol especially
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Cardiomyopathies These two infectious diseases are associated with dilated myopathy
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coxsackievirus B and Chagas' disease
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Cardiomyopathies True or false: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes systolic dysfunction
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False; dilated myopathy causes systolic dysfunction, hypertrophic causes diastolic
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Cardiomyopathies Half of hypertrophic myopathies are inherited as an _________ trait (x-linked, dominant, etc.)
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autosomal dominant; major cause of sudden death in young athletes
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Cardiomyopathies On echo in hypertrophic disease, the LV thickens and the chamber looks how?
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like a banana
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Cardiomyopathies These "-osis" diseases are major causes of restrictive/obliterative cardiomyopathy
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sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, endocardial fibroelastosis, endomyocardial (Loffler's) fibrosis….also, scleroderma but it's not an -osis
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Name two causes of holosystolic murmurs
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1) VSD, 2) mitral regurg, and 3) tricuspid regurg
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Widened pulse pressure seen with this diastolic murmur
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aortic regurg
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Describe the murmur associated with the most common valvular lesion
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Mitral prolapse; late systolic murmur following mid-systolic click
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True or false: aortic stenosis causes a decrescendo-crescendo murmur following an ejection click
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False; ejection click is followed by a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur
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cause of a continuous murmur loudest at time of S2?
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patent ductus artieriosis
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opening snap followed by late diastolic rumbling?
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mitral stenosis
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most common heart tumor?
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metastasis
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primary cardiac tumor in 1) adults and 2) children
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adults=myxoma (almost always in left atrium); children=rhabdomyoma
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fun gross pathologic term for changes in liver with CHF?
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nutmeg
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what are "heart failure cells"?
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hemosiderin-laden macrophages in lung
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dyspnea on exertion, pulmonary edema, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea are symptoms of?
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left heart failure
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patient says "I have to sleep upright." the clinical term for this is?
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orthopnea
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most pulmonary emboli arise from?
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DVT
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True or false: Amniotic fluid can lead to DIC
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TRUE
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what are the component of virchow's triad?
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stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial damage
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what is pulsus paradoxus?
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greater than 10 mmHg drop in systolic on inspiration
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what is electrical alternans?
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characteristic of tamponade on ECG in which QRS complex height varies beat-to-beat
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