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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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tricuspid valve
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located btwn R atrium and R ventricle
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mitral valve
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located btwn L atrium and L ventricle
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semilunar valves
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pulmonary and aortic valves located btwn R ventricle and pulmonary artery and btwn L ventricle and aorta
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pericardium
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2-layer sac consisting of an external fibrous and internal serous layer, serous layer secretes a fluid that facilitates mvt of heart (serous layer also covers heart, called epicardium)
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3 layers of heart
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epicardium (covers heart, serous layer), myocardium (middle, thick muscular layer), endocardium (inner lining of heart)
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arteries
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blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart (oxygenated blood, except for pulmonary artery, which carries carbon dioxide and other waste products from heart to the lungs
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arterioles
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smallest arteries
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aorta
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largest artery in body, originating at the L ventricle and descending through the thorax and abdomen
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veins
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blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart, all veins (except pulmonary vein, which brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart) carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products
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venules
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smallest veins
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venae cavae
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largest veins in body, inf. vena cava carries blood to heart from body below diaphragm, while sup. vena cava returns blood to heart from upper part
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capillaries
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microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules, materials are passed btwn the blood and tissue thru capillary walls
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blood
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composed of plasma and formed elements, i.e. erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes (platelets)
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plasma
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clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended, approx. 90 percent water and comprises 55 percent of total blood volume
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erythrocytes
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RBC, carry O2, develop in bone marrow
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leukocytes
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WBC, combat infection and respond to inflamm. (5 types of WBC)
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platelets (thrombocytes)
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one of formed elements in blood responsible for blood clotting
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serum
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clear, watery fluid portion of blood that remains after a clot has formed
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5 types of WBC
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neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocyte, monocyte
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lymph
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transparent, colorless tissue fluid, contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in a 1-way direction to the heart (similar to blood plasma)
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lymphatic vessels
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similar to veins, transport lymph from body tissues to chest, where it enters cardiovascular sys. Begin as capillaries, merge into larger tubes, and become ducts in chest, provide 1-way flow
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spleen
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on L side of abdominal cavity btwn stomach and diaphragm, in adults, largest lymphatic organ of body, blood (rather than lymph) flows through spleen, which cleans it of microorganisms. Stores blood and destroys worn out RBC
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thymus gland
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1 of primary lymphatic organs, located anterior to asc. aorta and posterior to sternum btwn lungs, imp. role in body's immune system, esp. btwn infancy and puberty, around puberty most of gland atrophies to be mostly connective tissue
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angi/o
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vessel (usually blood vessel)
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aort/o
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aorta
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arteri/o
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artery
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atri/o
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atrium
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cardi/o
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heart
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lymphaden/o
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lymph node
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lymph/o
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lymph, lymph tissue
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myel/o
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bone marrow (NB myel/o also means spinal cord)
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phleb/o, ven/o
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vein
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plasm/o
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plasma
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splen/o
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spleen
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thym/o
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thymus gland
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valv/o, valvul/o
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valve
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ventricul/o
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ventricle
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arteria (Greek)
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Greek for windpipe, once believed that arteries carried vital air (pneuma), thinking that a cut into an artery allowed vital air to escape and blood to replace it
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venter (Latin)
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means little belly, first applied to the belly, then the stomach, and now to any small cavity in an organ or body
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ather/o
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yellowish, fatty plaque
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ech/o
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sound
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isch/o
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deficiency, blockage
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therm/o
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heat
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thromb/o
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clot
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brady-
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slow
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-apheresis
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removal
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-graph
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instrument used to record, record
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-odynia
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pain
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-penia
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abnormal reduction in number
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-poiesis
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formation
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-sclerosis
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hardening
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angioma
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tumor composed of blood vessels
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angiostenosis
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narrowing of a blood vessel
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aortic stenosis
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narrowing of aortic valve
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arteriosclerosis
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hardening of the arteries
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atherosclerosis
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hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on arterial wall)
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bradycardia
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slow HR (less than 60bpm)
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cardiodynia
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pain in the heart
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cardiomegaly
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enlargement of the heart
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cardiomyopathy
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disease of heart muscle
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cardiovalvulitis
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inflamm. of valves of heart (aka valvulitis)
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endocarditis
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inflamm. of inner lining of heart (particularly valves)
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ischemia
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deficiency of blood (flow)
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myocarditis
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inflamm. of muscle of the heart
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pericarditis
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inflamm. of sac surrounding the heart
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phlebitis
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inflammation of a vein
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polyarteritis
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inflamm. of many (sites in the) arteries
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tachycardia
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rapid heart rate (more than 100bpm)
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thrombophlebitis
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inflamm. of a vein associated with a clot
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hematoma
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tumor of blood (collection of blood resulting from a broken blood vessel)
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multiple myeloma
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tumors of the bone marrow
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pancytopenia
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abnormal reduction of all blood cells
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thrombosis
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abnormal condition of a blood clot
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thrombus
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blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
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lymphadenitis
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inflamm. of lymph nodes
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lymphadenopathy
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disease of the lymph nodes (abnormal enlargement of lymph nodes associated with an infection or malignancy)
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lymphoma
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tumor of lymphatic tissue (malignant)
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splenomegaly
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enlargement of the spleen
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thymoma
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tumor of the thymus gland
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embolus, thrombus
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an embolus circulates in the bloodstream until it becomes lodged in a vessel, whereas a thrombus is attached to the interior wall of a vessel (once it breaks away and circulates, called embolus)
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acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
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sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina, or acute myocardial infarction
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aneurysm
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ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
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angina pectoris
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chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
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angina pectoris (Latin)
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angere, to throttle, (used to represent sudden pain) and pectoris, the breast, believed by ancients to be a disorder of the breast
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another name for normal heart rhythm
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sinus rhythm
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arrhythmia
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any disturbance or abnormality in the heart's normal rhythmic pattern
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atrial fibrillation (AFib)
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cardia arrhythmia with chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in atria, which quiver instead of contracting, causing irreg. ventricular response and ejection of reduced amount of blood, blood in atria becomes static and increases risk of stroke
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2 types of AFib
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paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) which is intermittent, and chronic atrial fibrillation, which is sustained
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cardiac arrest
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sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
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cardiac tamponade
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acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
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coarctation of the aorta
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congenital cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the aorta
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congestive heart failure (CHF)
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inability of heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen
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coronary artery disease (CAD), aka heart failure (HF)
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reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium, denying myocardial tissue of sufficient O2 and nutrients to function fully, often caused by coronary atherosclerosis
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coronary occlusion
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obstruction of an artery of the heart, usually from atherosclerosis, coronary occlusion can lead to acute myocardial infarction
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deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
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condition of thrombus in a deep vein, most often in lower extremities, clot can break off and travel to lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism
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coronalis (Latin)
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from Latin meaning crown or wreath, describes the arteries encircling the heart
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hypertensive heart disease (HHD)
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disorder of the heart brought about by persistent high blood pressure
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Raynaud disease
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peripheral arterial disease (PAD), intermittent, symmetric attacks of cyanosis and pallor of distal ends of fingers and toes, often caused by exposure to cold temperature
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intermittent claudication
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pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking, a condition seen in occlusive artery disease
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mitral valve stenosis
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narrowing of mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by bouts of rheumatic fever
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rheumatic fever
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inflammatory disease, usually occuring in children and young adults after an upper resp. tract strep. infection
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myocardial infarction (MI)
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necrosis of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of O2 resulting from interrupted blood supply
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peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
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disease of the arteries, other than those of heart or brain, affects blood circulation (i.e. atherosclerosis and Raynaud's), most common symptom is intermittent claudication
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rheumatic heart disease
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damage to heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever
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varicose veins
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distended or torturous veins usually found in the lower extremities
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anemia
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reduction in amount of hemoglobin in RBC, may be caused by blood loss or decrease in production or increase in the destruction of RBC
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embolus (plural emboli)
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blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enter the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another pt in circulation
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hemophilia
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inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII
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leukemia
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malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal WBC formed in the bone marrow
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Hodgkin disease
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malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue, progressive enlargement of lymph nodes, usually beginning at cervical nodes
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infectious mononucleosis
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acute infection caused by Epstein Barr virus, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and fever, affects mostly young ppl and is usually transmitted by saliva
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angioplasty
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surgical repair of a blood vessel
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atherectomy
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excision of fatty plaque (from blocked artery using a specialized catheter and a rotary cutter)
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endarterectomy
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excision within the artery (excision of plaque from arterial wall), usually named for the artery to be cleaned out, such as carotid endarterectomy
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pericardiocentesis
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surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the outer layer (pericardial sac), used to treat cardiac tamponade
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phlebotomy (aka venipuncture)
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incision into a vein (to remove blood or to give blood or IV fluids
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valvuloplasty
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surgical repair of a valve (cardiac or venous)
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splenectomy
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excision of spleen
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splenopexy
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surgical fixation of spleen
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thymectomy
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excision of thymus gland
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aneurysmectomy
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surgical excision of an aneurysm
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atrial fibrillation ablation
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procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger atrial fib are destroyed by using radiofrequency energy
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cardiac pacemaker
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battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart
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coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
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surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries
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coronary stent
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supportive scaffold device implanted in the coronary artery, used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy
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embolectomy
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surgical removal of an embolus or clot (usually with a balloon catheter)
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femoropopliteal bypass
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surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
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implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD)
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device implanted in the body that continuously monitors heart rhythm, device delivers electric shock to convert an arrhythmia back to a normal rhythm
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intracoronary thrombolytic therapy
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injection of an intravenous medication to dissolve blood clots in coronary blood vessels
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
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balloon angioplasty, balloon passed thru blood vessel to coronary artery where it is inflated and compressed built up plaque against the walls, allowing better blood flow
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bone marrow aspiration
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syringe used to aspirate sample of liquid portion of bone marrow, usually from the ilium, used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease and condition of the blood cells
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bone marrow biopsy
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needle puncture to obtain a sample of bone marrow, usually from the ilium, used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease and condition of blood cells
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bone marrow transplant
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infusion of normal bone marrow cells from a donor with matching cells and tissue to a recipient with a certain type of leukemia or anemia
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echocardiogram (ECHO)
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record of the heart (structure and motion) using sound (used to detect valvular disease and evaluate heart function)
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electrocardiogram (EKG)
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record of electrical activity of heart
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digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
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process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that "subtracts" or removes structures not being studied
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Doppler ultrasound
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uses sound for detection of blood flow within the vessels, used to assess intermittent claudication, deep vein thrombosis, and other blood flow abnormalities
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exercise stress test
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study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill, EKG, echocardiography, and nuclear medicine scanning are 3 types of tests (Echocardio preferred now)
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single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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nuclear medicine scan that visualizes the heart from several different angles, tracer substance (sestamibi or Th) is injected IVously, scanner creates images from the tracer absorbed by body tissue, used to assess cardiac tissue damage
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thallium test
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nuclear medicine test, diagnose coronary artery disease and revascularization after CABS, Th (radioactive isotope), injected into body IVously, radiation detector placed over heart to view, Th taken up by normal myocardial tissue, not in ischemia or infarction (can be performed at rest or with stress test)
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cardiac catheterization (aka coronary angiography)
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examination to determine the condition of the heart and surrounding bl vessels, catheter passed into heart used to record pressures and inject a contrast medium, used freq. to evaluate chest pain and coronary artery disease
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impedance plethysmography (IPG)
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measures venous flow of the extremities with a plethysmograph to detect clots by measuring changes in bl volume and resistance (impedance) in vein, used to detect DVT
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blood pressure (BP)
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written as systolic pressure (120) over diastolic (80)
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percussion
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tapping of a body surface with fingers to determine the density of the part beneath
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sphygmomanometer
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device used for measuring blood pressure
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C-reactive protein (CRP)
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blood test to measure the amount of C-reactive protein in the blood, which, when elevated, indicates inflamm. in body, sometimes used to assess risk of cardiovascular disease
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creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
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blood test used to measure level of creatine phosphokinase (enzyme in heart and skeletal muscle released into blood after muscle injury or necrosis), useful in evaluating patients with acute myocardial infarction
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homocysteine
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blood test used to measure amount of homocysteine (amino acid that if elevated may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease) in blood
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lipid profile
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blood test, measures amount of lipids in blood sample, evaluates risk of developing cardiovascular disease and to monitor therapy of existing disease, shows LDL, HDL, VLDL and triglyceride levels
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troponin
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blood test, measures troponin (heart muscle enzyme), released into blood approx. 3hrs after necrosis of heart muscle and may remain elevated 7-10 days (diagnosis of myocardial infarction)
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coagulation time
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blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot
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complete blood count (CBC) and differential count (Diff)
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screening that measures hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC count and morphology, leukocyte count, WBC differential (types of WBCs), automated test, done easily and rapidly
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biomarker
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naturally occurring substance of certain body cells that can be measured in the blood and used to aid in the diagnosis of various disorders
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hematocrit (HCT)
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blood test to measure the volume and number of RBCs, used in diagnosis and evaluation of anemic patients
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hemoglobin (Hgb)
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blood test to determine concentration of O2 carrying components in RBC
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prothrombin time (PT)
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blood test, determines certain coagulation activity defects and monitors anticoagulation therapy for patients taking Coumadin (oral anticoagulant med)
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atrioventricular (AV)
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pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
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cardiogenic
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originating in the heart
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phlebologist/phlebology
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specialist/study of veins
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hematopoiesis
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formation of blood cells
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hemolysis
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dissolution of RBC
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hemostasis
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stoppage of bleeding
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myelopoiesis
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formation of bone marrow
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plasmapheresis
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removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood)
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thrombolysis
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dissolution of a clot
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diastole
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phase in cardiac cycle in which ventricles relax btwn contractions (lower number of BP reading)
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extravasation
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escape of blood from the vessel into the tissue
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lumen
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space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel
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systole
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phase in the cardiac cycle in which ventricles contract (upper number of BP)
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venipuncture
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puncture of a vein to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion
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dyscrasia
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abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood
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anaphylaxis
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exaggerated, life-threatening reaction to a previously encountered antigen, range from sneezing, hives to drop in BP and blockage of airway
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3 ways that immunity occurs
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naturally (btwn mother and child), actively (body producing antibodies), artificially (receiving vaccinations)
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TEE
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transesophageal echocardiogram
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