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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what percentage of plasma is water
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90%
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what percentage of the blood is plasma
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55%
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how many liters of blood are in the average person
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5 - 6
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what percentage of body weight is blood
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8%
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what are three plasma proteins
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albumins, globulins, fibrinogens
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where are albumins produced
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liver
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what is the purpose of albumins
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bring liquid back into capillaries that has leaked out
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what is the largest group of plasma proteins
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albumins
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what are the smallest plasma proteins in size
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albumins
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what are the three types of globulins
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alpha, beta, gamma
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what is the pupse of alpha and beta globulins
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transport lipid soluble items in the blood
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what is the purpose of gamma globulins
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result of foreign objects in body
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what is the purpose of fibrinogens
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clotting
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what does plasma contain
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90% water, albumins, globulins, fibrinogens
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what does serum contain
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water, albumins, globulins
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What are the formed elements of the blood
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erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes
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what are the most numerous of the formed elements
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erythrocytes
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what do erythrocytes not have that most other cells do
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nuclei, mitochondria
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what is 90% of an erythrocyte
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hemoglobin
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what is sickle cell anemia
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when just one of the 287 amino acids in an erythrocyte is changed it results in the shape being like a cresent moon and HB isn't compatible
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where are erythrocytes produced
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kidney
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Name the granular leukocytes
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basophils, eosinophils, neutraphils
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name the agranular leukocytes
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lymphocytes, monocytes
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diapedesis
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WBC can get from blood to outer tissue (emigration)
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chemotaxis
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a damaged or infected tissue releases chemicals which draw WBC to area of infection
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what are thrombocytes
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platelets (cell fragments)
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what are thrombocytes fragments of
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megakaryocytes
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what is the function of thrombocytes
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important in clotting
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what is a pluripotent stem cell
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hemocytoblast, stem cell found in bone marrow from which all blood cells develop
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what are the funtions of blood
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regulate, transport, protect
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what does an intrinsic pathway target in blood clotting
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blood trauma
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what does an extrinsic pathway target in clotting
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tissue trauma
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what is the mass of an average heart
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250-350 g
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what is the purpose of intercalated discs
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fuses cells of the heart so they will all pump together
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where is the tricuspid valve located
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between the right atrium and ventricle
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where is the bicuspid valve located
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between the left atrium and ventricle
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how many cusps do the semilunar valves have
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3
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where does the pulmonary trunk exit from the heart and where does it lead to
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right ventricle; lungs to oxygenate blood
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where does the aorta exit from the heart and where does it lead to
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left ventricle; body tissue
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what parts of the body does the superior vena cava drain
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head, neck, upper extremities
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what is the purpose of the coronary circulatory system
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to bring nutrients to the myocardium
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where do the coronary arteries come from
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first 2 branches off the aorta
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where do waste products from the myocardium go
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travel through the coronary veins into the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium
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what is the endocardium
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innermost layer of the heart that lines the chambers
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what is the myocardium
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the muscle of the heart, middle layer
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what is the epicardium
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outermost layer of the heart, forms part of the pericardial sac
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what is the first heart sound the result of
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blood rushing against the closed AV valves
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what is the second heart sound the result of
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blood rushing against the closed semilunar valves
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what is the order of the chambers from thickest to thinnest
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LV > RV > atria
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in what direction do arteries carry blood
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away from the heart
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in what direction to veins carry blood
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towards the heart
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what are capillaries
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thin walled vessels that connect arteries and veins; site of exchange between blood and metabolizing cells
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what are the three ways blood is transported in the veins
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valves, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump
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what is the respiratory pump
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when the diaphragm goes down when you breathe in it decreased the area in the abdominal cavity and increases the area in the thoracic cavity which pushes blood toward the heart
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what is the layer of the arteries which is closest to the blood
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tunica intima
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what is the tunica intima made of
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endothelial cells and their basement membrane
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what is the middle layer of the arteries
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tunica media
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what is the thickest layer of the arteries
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tunica media
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what is the tunica media mostly made up of
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smooth muscle
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what is the elastic lamina
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separates t intima and t media; resists stretch and returns vessel to original shape
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what causes vasoconstriction
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sympathetic nervous system
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what is the most vasoactive tissue
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arterioles
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what is the outermost layer of an artery
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t externa
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what is the respiratory pump
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when the diaphragm goes down when you breathe in it decreased the area in the abdominal cavity and increases the area in the thoracic cavity which pushes blood toward the heart
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what is the layer of the arteries which is closest to the blood
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tunica intima
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what is the tunica intima made of
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endothelial cells and their basement membrane
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what is the middle layer of the arteries
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tunica media
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what is the thickest layer of the arteries
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tunica media
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what is the tunica media mostly made up of
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smooth muscle
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what is the elastic lamina
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separates t intima and t media; resists stretch and returns vessel to original shape
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what causes vasoconstriction
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sympathetic nervous system
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what is the most vasoactive tissue
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arterioles
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what is the outermost layer of an artery
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t externa
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what is the t externa made of
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connective tissue/collagen
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what percentage of blood is in the venous system
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65%
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what percentage of blood is contained in arterial tree
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13%
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where is there more t externa (veins or arteries)
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veins
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where is there more t media (veins or arteries)
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arteries
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where is there no elastic lamina
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veins
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what are capillaries made up of
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t intima
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what is a fenestrated capillary
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there are windows in it so lipid soluble substances can go through cells and water soluble can go through spaces
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what is hydrostatic pressure
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an outward force that pushes things out of the capillaries
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where is hydrostatic pressure greater
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arteriole end
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what is osmotic pressure
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albumins pull fluid back into the capillary (inward force)
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what percent of fluid is reabsorbed by the albumins
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99%
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what is edema and what is it caused by
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extra fluid in the interstitial spaces; problem with lymphatic system, decrease in albumin (liver damage), increase in hydrostatic pressure
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what is transmural pressure
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pressure on the outside of the blood vessel that stops or decreases blood flow
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what is systole
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contraction
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what is diastole
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relaxation
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where is the SA node located and what is it's function
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wall of right atrium; region of the heart that makes it beat
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what is the purpose of pacemaker cells
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create the impulse that leads to the heart beat
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why are pacemaker cells capable of spontaneous depolarization
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unsteady RMP
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what are some cause of unsteady RMP in pacemaker cells
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leaky to sodium, premature closure of potassium channels (trap K+ inside)
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what is a syncytium
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when all cells are bound together and work as a unit
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