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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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heart location
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lower anterior area of the mediastinum with the apex near the diaphragm
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peripheral vascular system
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arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
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three layers of the heart
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endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
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endocardium is made up of _________________
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endothelium
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myocardium is made up of ___________________
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striated muscle and varies in thickness depending on heart chamber
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pericardium consists of _____________
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parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium separated by the pericardial space filled with fluid
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four valves of the heart
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tricuspid (right AV), bicuspid (Mitral - left AV), pulmonic, and aortic
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chordae tendineae function:
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fibrous cords attached to the cusps of the tricuspid and mitral valves on one end and the papillary muscles of the ventricular walls on the other that keep the valves from inverting when ventricles contract
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Heart Rate =
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number of ventricular contractions per minute determined by auscultation or palpation of pulse
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each time the heart contracts the ventricle pumps ______ of blood
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60-80 mL
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stroke volume (SV)
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volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction (or systole)
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Cardiac Output (CO)
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amount of blood ejected in 1 minute
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CO = ____ x _____
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CO = HR x SV
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_______ has a direct effect on the circulating volume of arterial blood.
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CO
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When an impulse has completely gone through the conduction system of the heart and the ventricles have contracted a _____ _____ is completed.
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cardiac cycle
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Ejection Fraction
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an indicator of ventricular function - reduced in patients with myocardial infarction and diagnostic for HF. EF is determined by SV divided by end-diastolic volume (EDV). In healthy hearts EF is 50-70% of the EDV. EF is determined by echocardiography.
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Four factors that influence stroke volume and CO:
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preload, afterload, contractility, and HR
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Preload
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the amount of pressure within the ventricles determined by the amount of stretch or tension derived from the ventricular filling and the pressure exerted by fluid volume on the myocardium at the end of diastole (ventricular end-diastolic pressure)
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Afterload
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the force that resists ejection fraction of blood from the ventricles, or the force that is needed to open the semilunar valve and eject blood during systole. Resistance arises from the pulmonary circulation for the right ventricle, and from the systemic circulation for the left ventricle.
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Contractility
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the strength of cardiac contraction
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systolic pressure
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the force exerted against arterial walls during ventricular contraction
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diastolic pressure
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the force exerted against arterial walls during ventricular relaxation
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a systolic pressure of at least _____ is needed to palpate a radial pulse.
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80 mmHG
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S1
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lubb - sound of the mitral and tricuspid valves closing simultaneously
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