Cardio

Front 1

Pericardium

Back 1

Fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and roots of the great vessels

Front 2

Anatomy of the heart

Back 2

Front 3

Ventricles

Back 3

Right and left ventricles are the main pumping chambers

Front 4

CT

Back 4

Computed tomography. Diagnose disease of the great vessels (aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism). Assess pericardial disease and myocardial abnormalities. Detect coronary artery calcification and stenoses

Front 5

CTA

Back 5

Computed tomography angiography - CT angiography is a type of medical test that combines a CT scan with an injection of a special dye to produce pictures of blood vessels and tissues in a part of your body. The dye is injected through an intravenous (IV) line started in your arm or hand.

Front 6

Why to have a CTA

Back 6

To find an aneurysm (a blood vessel that has become enlarged and may be in danger of rupturing)To find blood vessels that have become narrowed by atherosclerosis (fatty material that forms plaques in the walls of arteries)

Front 7

Ischemic heart disease

Back 7

Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand results in myocardial hypoxia and accumulation of waste metabolites.

Front 8

Angina pectoris

Back 8

Uncomfortable sensation in the chest produced by myocardial ischemia

Front 9

Stable angina

Back 9

Chronic pattern of transient angina pectoris. Precipitated by physical activity or stress.

Front 10

Variant angina

Back 10

Typical angina discomfort, usually at rest, develops because of coronary artery spasm rather than an increase in myocardial oxygen demand

Front 11

Silent ischemia

Back 11

Asymptomatic episodes of myocardial ischemia, detected by ECG and other lab techniques

Front 12

Unstable angina

Back 12

Pattern of increased frequency and duration of angina episodes produced by less exertion or rest. High frequency to MI if untreated

Front 13

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Back 13

Region of myocardial necrosis (death) usually caused by cessation of blood supply; most often results from acute thrombus at site of coronary atherosclerotic stenosis

Front 14

Thrombus / thrombosis

Back 14

Blood clot

Front 15

Atherosclerosis

Back 15

Atherosclerosis refers to the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls (plaque), which can restrict blood flow.

Front 16

Stenosis

Back 16

Generic term meaning the narrowing of a passage in the body

Front 17

Cardiomyopathy

Back 17

disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for your heart to pump blood to the rest of your body.

Front 18

CMR

Back 18

Cardiac MRI - used for evaluating congenital anomalies, such as shunts, and diseases of the aorta, including aneurysms. Also used to assess left / right ventricular mass, intravascular thrombus, cardiomyopathies

Front 19

Coronary MRA

Back 19

Coronary magnetic resonance angiography - contrast free angiographic imaging. High sensitivity and accuracy for the detection of important CAD in the left main coronary artery and in the proximal and midportions of the three major coronary vessels. Also useful in delineating coronary artery congenital anomalies

Front 20

Contrast enhanced MRI

Back 20

Contrast added MRI to identify infarcted (irreversibly damaged) myocardium and to differentiate it from impaired (but viable) muscle segments

Front 21

Chest radiography

Back 21

Detect chamber dilation, identify consequences of stenotic and regurgitant valve lesions and intracardiac shunts. Visualize pulmonary signs of heart failure

Front 22

Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)

Back 22

Assess global and segmental ventricular contraction. Identify valvular abnormalities and vegetations. Diagnose consequences of MI. Identify myocardial, pericardial, and congenital abnormalities

Front 23

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

Back 23

Similar to TTE but higher resolution. Viz intracardiac thrombus, evaluate prosthetic valves

Front 24

Cardiac catherization

Back 24

Gold standard to assess intracardiac pressures and to identify and trade coronary artery stenoses. Evaluate intracardiac pressures, viz ventricular contractile function and regurgitant valve lesions. Identify coronary anatomy vans severity if stenosis

Front 25

Nuclear SPECT imaging

Back 25

Detect, quantify and localize myocardial ischemia. Perform stress testing in patients with ECG abnormalities. Distinguish viable myocardium vs scar tissue

Front 26

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Back 26

Distinguish viable myocardium from scar tissue. Evaluate contractile function

Front 27

MRI

Back 27

Assess myocardial structure and function (e.g., ventricular mass and volume, neoplastic disease, intracardiac thrombus, cardiomyopathies). Diagnose aortic and pericardial disease. Detect areas of ischemic vs infarcted myocardium

Front 28

Vasodilation

Back 28

Widening of blood vessels

Front 29

Atherogenesis

Back 29

the formation of fatty plaques in the arteries.

Front 30

Ischemic heart disease

Back 30

Condition in which imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand results in myocardial hypoxia. Most often caused by atherosclerotic disease of coronary arteries

Front 31

Angina pectoris

Back 31

Uncomfortable sensation in the chest and neighboring anatomic structure produced by myocardial ischemia

Front 32

Clopidogrel

Back 32

Platelet P2Y ASP receptor antagonists. Can be used with aspirin to prevent platelet activation and aggregation. Can be used in place of aspirin and has been shown to be better in combination with aspirin in reducing death and ischemic complications

Front 33

Lipid regulation therapy (statins etc)

Back 33

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, aka statins, lower MI and death rates in patients with established coronary disease and those at high risk of developing CAD. Current national guidelines say everyone should receive high intensity statin with a goal of 50% reduction in LDL

Front 34

ACE Inhibitors

Back 34

Angiotensin-converting enzyme. Some trials have shown reduced rates of death, MI, and stroke

Front 35

Revascularization

Back 35

Pursued if patients angina symptoms don't respond to antianginal drugs or the patient is found to have high risk for coronary disease for which revascularization is known to improve survival

Front 36

Revascularization techniques

Back 36

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Front 37

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Back 37

Balloon tipped catheter inserted and maneuvered to the stenotic segment. Balloon inflates and basically compresses the atherosclerotic plaque. Can insert a coronary stent for more long term benefits as 33pct of patients develop recurrent symptoms

Front 38

Coronary stents

Back 38

Developed for implantation during PCI. Shown to significantly reduce rate of restenosis. They are thrombogenic so often aspirin + clopidogrel is crucial to prescribe